A Short History of the Toothpick

Thanks to the humble toothpick, taking care of your oral hygiene after meals has become somewhat of a ritual. With needle-like precision, it makes removing unseemly pieces of food debris, such as that stubborn sliver of shredded chicken, a thoroughly satisfying task. So who should we thank for it? DIY Origins   The toothpick is one of the few inventions being used today that predates the arrival of modern humans. Fossil evidence of ancient skulls, for instance, suggests that early Neanderthals used tools to pick their teeth. Scientists have also found tooth indentations indicative of teeth picking in human remains among Australian Aborigines, prehistoric Native Americans, and the earliest Egyptians.    The practice of teeth picking was not uncommon among early civilizations, too. Mesopotamians used instruments to keep dental crevices clear and artifacts such as toothpicks made out of silver, bronze and various other precious metals that date back to antiquity have also been unearthed. By the Medieval period, carrying a gold or silver toothpick in a fancy case became a way for privileged Europeans to distinguish themselves from commoners. The toothpick wasn’t always quite the lowly, mass-produced and disposable piece of wood that we’ve come to know today. Queen Elizabeth once received six gold toothpicks as a gift and would often showcase them. There’s even an anonymous portrait depicting her as an old woman wearing multiple chains around her neck, from which hung a gold toothpick or a case. Meanwhile, those who couldn’t afford such luxuries resorted to more creative ways of fashioning their own toothpicks. The Romans came up with a particularly clever method of pulling bird feathers, chopping off the quill and sharpening the tip. The technique was passed on to future generations in Europe and eventually carried over to the new world. Over in the Americas, native peoples carved toothpicks from deer bone. And just up north, Eskimos used walrus whiskers. Coincidentally, wood was generally considered unsuitable for the purpose of dislodging trapped food bits. Twigs from trees were inadequate because they tended to wear down when wet and had a propensity to splinter, which tended to be problematic. One exception is the mastic gum tree of southern Europe, with the Romans among the first to take advantage of the plant’s pleasant aroma and its teeth whitening properties. A Toothpick for the Masses With the ubiquity of tooth picking tools across the world, it was only a matter of time before an industry was built around them. As small businesses specializing in toothpick manufacturing began to pop up, demand for toothpicks also grew.  American entrepreneur named Charles Forster. The mass production of toothpicks can be traced to the Mondego River Valley in Portugal. It was there, in the small municipality of Coimbra, that the 16th century nuns of the Mos-teiro de Lorvà £o monastery began making toothpicks as a disposable utensil for picking up sticky confections that tended to leave residue on fingers and teeth. Locals eventually picked up the tradition, using only the finest orangewood and a jackknife to handcraft the toothpicks. The region would over time earn a reputation as the world capital of the toothpick industry where the finest toothpicks were made. Orders soon came in from all over Europe and shipment were sent out as far overseas as the Americas. The Portuguese were especially renowned for a special type of cocktail tooth called â€Å"palitos especiales† distinct for their carved involutes and curly shafts. In the U.S., some vendors seek to mimic the classy, festive aesthetic with toothpicks topped with colored cellophane. Toothpicks in America The American entrepreneur Charles Forster was particularly impressed by the high quality of the toothpicks in South America. While working in Brazil, he noticed that the locals often had impeccable teeth and credited it to the use of imported toothpicks from Portugal. Inspired by fellow American Benjamin Franklin Sturtevant’s shoe-making machine, Forster got to work on building something similar that would be capable of mass-producing millions of toothpicks a day. While he was ultimately able to come up with the goods, Americans simply weren’t interested. Part of the problem was that Americans were already accustomed to whittling their own toothpicks and doling out cash for something that can easily make themselves made little sense at the time. What was needed was a sea change in ingrained lifestyle habits and attitudes if there was any hope of generating demand. Forster just so happened to be crazy enough to take on such a seemingly insurmountable challenge. Some of the unusual marketing tactics he employed included hiring students to pose as store customers seeking toothpicks and instructing Harvard students to ask for them whenever they dined at restaurants. Soon enough, many local eateries would make sure toothpicks were available for patrons who somehow developed a habit of reaching for them as they’re about to leave. Though it was Forster who at the time nearly singlehandedly established a growing market for mass-produced wooden toothpicks, there were a few others jockeying to get into the game. In 1869, Alphons Krizek, of Philadelphia, received a patent for an â€Å"improvement in toothpicks,† which featured a hooked end with spoon-shaped mechanism designed to clean out hollow and sensitive teeth. Other attempted â€Å"improvements† include a case for a retractable toothpick and a scented coating meant to freshen one’s breath.  Ã‚   Towards the end of the 19th century, there were literally billions of toothpicks made each year. In 1887, the count got as high as five billion toothpicks, with Forster accounting for more than half of them. And by the end of the century, there was one factory in Maine that was already making that many.  Ã‚   Toothpicks Not Just for Picking Teeth With the commercialized ubiquity of disposable wooden toothpicks, the concept of the toothpick as status symbol, which stubbornly persisted well into 19th century, would slowly begin to fade. Silver and gold toothpicks, once immensely popular amongst society’s most well-heeled elites, were increasingly turned in as donations at fundraisers. But that doesn’t mean a toothpick’s usefulness was simply relegated to oral hygiene. Most people, for instance, are familiar with the use of toothpicks in social settings where eau doeuvres and other finger foods are served. Yet they’ve also proved capable of pinning down overstuffed deli sandwiches, cleaning dirt from underneath fingernails, and even picking locks. While the standard toothpick of today remains essentially unchanged from the ones Forster was cranking out over a century ago, entrepreneurs still seek to improve upon its very basic iteration. One early attempt by Forster and others to make them more appealing was the introduction of flavored toothpicks. Popular flavors included cinnamon, wintergreen, and sassafras. For a time, there were even liquor flavors, such as Scotch and Bourbon. Inventors have also tested other coatings such as imbuing sticks with zinc as a disinfectant. Another therapeutic approach involved combining a toothpick and a gum massager. Others have tried tinkering with the shape by making the center square as a way to prevent rolling when dropped while some newer ones claim to offer enhanced cleaning ability with the addition of brush-like bristles to the head. Though such efforts to build a better toothpick may arguably yield some advantages, theres something about the toothpick’s modest simplicity that makes it so users dont have much of a desire to deviate. A disposable, cheap object with a simple design that achieves its desired goal, you really couldn’t ask for more — as a consumer or as a manufacturer.

Elements of Negligent Tort Analysis and Remedies

Introduction The law of torts can be traced back to English Common Law and has become and integral part of Anglo-American Law for hundreds of years .These laws have been modified many times since the late 1800s by state legislatures and these changes have given plaintiffs more chance of success when bringing forth their claims. Original tort law included coverage for injuries suffered while in the workplace but this since has been removed entirely from tort law and replaced with the state administered workers compensation systems. In order for a plaintiff to utilize the law of torts certain elements need to be present so that a reasonable measure of success can be ensured in the outcome. Elements of Negligent Tort†¦show more content†¦Breach of Duty: In order for breach of duty to take place, there must be a duty owed to the plaintiff, and the defendant must be neglect of the duty that he owed. In order to test whether the duty was breached or not, there is a reasonable person test. This test is objective in two senses. First, it compares the defendant’s actions, with those that hypothetical person with ordinary prudence and sensibilities would have taken or not under the circumstances. Second the test focuses on the defendant’s behavior, rather than on the defendant’s subjective mental state. This test allows decision to be made on the facts of the case and for the prosecution, to determine whether there was reasonable foresee-ability of harm. According to Mallor even if the defendant has breached a duty, and plaintiff has actually suffered injury there is no liability for negligence without necessary causation link between breac h, and injury. Hence causation link involves three issues: 1) was the breach an actual cause of the injury? 2) Was the breach a proximate cause of the injury? 3) What was the effect of any intervening cause, arising after the breach to cause the injury? Thus both actual, and proximate, causes are necessary for a negligence recovery. Actual Cause: According to Mallor to determineShow MoreRelatedIntroduction The law of torts can be traced back to English Common Law and has become and integral1100 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction The law of torts can be traced back to English Common Law and has become and integral part of Anglo-American Law for hundreds of years .These laws have been modified many times since the late 1800s by state legislatures and these changes have given plaintiffs more chance of success when bringing forth their claims. Original tort law included coverage for injuries suffered while in the workplace but this since has been removed entirely from tort law and replaced with the state administeredRead MoreNegligence Complaint Against The Commissioner Of Baseball1566 Words   |  7 Pagesbaseball spectators. Rule A tort is a civil wrong where one party has acted or failed to act, and that action or inaction causes a loss suffered by another party. Tort law imposes remedies for those who have suffered an injury or loss. Such remedies are typically in the form of monetary value that provide compensation as an effort to replace or make up for the act. There are three types of torts: intentional torts, negligence, and strict liability torts (citation). Tort law governs through state commonRead MoreTorts9373 Words   |  38 Pages200008 Torts Law School of Law, College of Business Learning Guide Autumn Semester 2012 Contents Unit Information Contacts Consultation times Expectations of student conduct Links to key policies and information affecting students Schedule of learning and teaching activities PASS peer mentoring program Actions taken to improve the unit Learning outcomes How the learning activities and assessment will support the learning and teaching outcomes Assessment Information Read MoreHow to Write Law Exam Answers6169 Words   |  25 Pages * 4 reasons why a particular fact is in the story o  Ã‚  Ã‚  It creates or helps to create an issue because it is inconsistent with another fact or appears to be inconsistent with the law. o  Ã‚  Ã‚  It helps to resolve an issue because it shows whether element(s) of the rule is satisfied. o  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is a red herring. o  Ã‚  Ã‚  It has no legal value and just helps to tell the story. Dealing with the issues listed – make an outline * Look at issues individually * Write down what rules are necessary to resolveRead MoreThe Purpose of Tort Law in the Irish Legal System 2411 Words   |  10 Pagesintended purpose of tort law is in the Irish legal system and how it has come about over centuries. I will include a brief outline of the meaning of tort law and the different kinds of Tort, I will also include a brief summary of the sister laws of tort, that being criminal and contract law. The word tort is the equivalent of the French word that means ‘wrong’. This word ‘tort’ was derived from the Latin word ‘tortum’, translated this means twisted, crooked or wrong. The term ‘tort’ was first introducedRead MoreBrill Torts Outline12018 Words   |  49 PagesTorts Outline- Brill Fall 2001 Overview: *What is a tort? A civil wrong other than a breach of contract for which the law provides a remedy. *Purposes of Tort law: Deter wrongful Encourage socially responsible behavior Restore injured parties to their original condition Peaceful means Intentional Torts I. Intent a. Definition—(1) voluntary acts for the purpose of causing [the essential element of the tort] OR (2) voluntary acts with knowledgeRead MoreEconomic Loss6031 Words   |  25 Pagesalways appropriate to impose a duty of care to avoid causing foreseeable economic loss through negligence. Even proximity is unlikely to supply the necessary additional factors. It is an argument that cases of economic loss do not always require a remedy. Cases involving economic loss frequently share certain other features. The damage is often caused indirectly; the relationship between C and the D is sometimes remote, and the number of potential parties is sometimes large. Categories of EconomicRead MoreThe Tort Of Wrongful Life3586 Words   |  15 Pagesbirth claims have generally been accepted by the courts, the tort of wrongful life, despite its long history, has not had the same success. In 2006 a majority of the High Court of Australia (HCA) followed the lead of many other jurisdictions and held that ‘wrongful life’ claims were not possible under the common law of Australia. A wrongful life claim is one brought by a disabled child against their mother’s medical practitioner for negligent pre-natal care. The negligence claims arise as a consequenceRead MoreAnalysis and Consequences of Legal Action(S) Essay5240 Words   |  21 PagesNovember 1, 2011 Analysis and Consequence of Legal Action(s) To: Rebecca Warren On behalf of Team A: Contents ANALYSIS FOR SUCCESSFUL LAWSUIT REPORT 3 Purpose 3 Factual Background 3 Issue 4 Roadmap 4 GROUNDS OF LIABILITY 5 Remedies for Negligence 5 Statutes Governing Contract Law 5 ANALYSIS OF NATIONAL BANK’S LIABILITY 7 Tort of Negligence 7 SUMMARY 10 DEFENSES AGAINST LIABILTY 10 Other Considerations 10 Analysis of Income 11 Offer and Acceptance Analysis 12 SummaryRead MoreThe Law of Tort and Business Contracts3325 Words   |  13 PagesLaw of Tort and Business Contracts Introduction According to law, tort occurs when a person fails to observe duty imposed on one by law, to ensure there is no injury to a determinate person. In most cases, the remedies for a tort are in the form of unliquidated damages for instance different amounts of compensation, which are determined by the courts of law. The law seeks to compensate the aggrieved party, unlike the criminal cases where the offenders are punished according to law. However, certain

Health Leadership Theory Free Essays

Leadership Midterm Chapter 1 Introduction 1. Leadership- a process whereby an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal. 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Health Leadership Theory or any similar topic only for you Order Now Trait vs Process Leadership- innate characteristics that individuals are born with vs properties possessed that one is able to develop. 3. Assigned vs Emergent Leadership- based on occupying a position within an organization vs an individual perceived by others as most influential member of a group regardless of individuals title. 4. Power- capacity or potential to influence (beliefs, attitudes, actions) 5. Bases of Power: . Referent power- follower’s identification and liking for the leader b. Expert- based on followers’ perceptions of the leader’s competence. c. Legitimate- having status or formal job authority. d. Reward- having the capacity to provide rewards to others. e. Coercive- having the capacity to punish others. Real, Expert, Leaders, Reward Compliance (1st two are personal power while the ladder three are positional power) Chapter 2 Trait Approach * One of the first systematic attempts to study leadership. Early theories focused on innate qualities /characteristics. Major Leadership traits***: 1. Intelligence- verbal, perceptual, and reasoning capabilities 2. Self-confidence- certainty about one’s competencies and skills 3. Determination- desire to get the job done 4. Integrity- quality of honesty and trustworthiness. 5. Sociability- Leader’s inclination to seek out pleasant social relationships. Israel’s, security, defense, is, strong * Big Five Personality factors: 1. Neuroticism- tendency to be depressed, anxious, insecure,†¦ (don’t want) 2. Extraversion**- tendency to be sociable and assertive with positive energy. . Openness- informed, creative, insightful, and curious. 4. Agreeableness 5. Conscientiousness- thorough, organized controlled, dependable, and decisive. * Emotional Intelligence- ability to perceive and apply emotions to life’s tasks. The premise is that people who are more sensitive to emotions their impacts will be more effective leaders. Chapter 3 Skills Approach * Le adership skills- ability to use one’s knowledge and competencies to accomplish a set of goals and objectives. * Katz developed the Three-Skill Approach: 1. Technical- having knowledge about and being proficient in a specific type of work or activity. 2. Human skill- having knowledge about and being able to work with people. 3. Conceptual skill- the ability to do the mental work of shaping meaning of organizational policy or issues. Top management has high human and conceptual, but low technical. Middle management has high everything Supervisory management has high technical, high human, and low conceptual. * Chapter 4 Style Approach Style Approach emphasizes the behavior of the leader: 1. Task behaviors 2. Relationship behaviors Studies: 1. Ohio state studies developed a leadership behavior description questionnaire (LBDQ) and it resulted in leaders with initiating structure and consideration. 2. University of Michigan-results in leaders with two type of behavior: employee oriented and production oriented. Blake Mouton’s Managerial Leadership Grid focuses on concern for production and people. *Be able to draw this* Note that the first 4 chapters focused on the leader and his abilities. The next few chapters focus on the interaction with subordinates. Chapter 5 Situational Approach Leaders must match their style to the competence and commitment of subordinates. Leaders need to diagnose the situation and then adapt their style. **** Chapter 6 Contingency Theory Leader Match Theory Fiedler developed the Contingency model High LPCs are effective in moderately favorable conditions while low LPCs are effective in extreme conditionis. Chapter 7 Path-Goal Theory Centers on how leaders motivate subordinates to accomplish designated goals. Leadership generates motivation when it: 1. Increases rewards (payoffs) 2. Increases assistance by leader- clarifies defines goals 3. Removes obstacles 4. Makes work personally satisfying R,CD,O,S Chapter 8 Leader-Member Exchange Theory High quality leader member exchanges between leaders and followers produced multiple positive outcomes (less employee turnover, greater commitment, promotions,.. ) Quint Studer Introduction Managers create the best possible plan to deal with the changing external environment. And they do this in a quick fashion. â€Å"We are only as strong as our weakest link. † Chapter 1 Alignment Healthcare organizations must be aligned to provide excellent medical care. The difficulty here is that most organizations don’t have a uniform or seamless organization. It takes significant amounts of time for information/procedures to flow down through the organization from C-Suite leaders to supervisory personnel and this process needs to speed up. Chapter 2 Action How quickly and effectively leaders can drive action determines whether an organization lives or dies. As leaders we must be able to anticipate the outcome of changes in the external environment as they are occurring and respond appropriately. This is prohibited as the majority of leaders do need get prepared for their leadership role. Studer identifies that the training should cascade through an organization with leader taking ownership of training leaders below them. Chapter 3 Accountability Organizations require a system to be in place that holds people accountable for their actions. While top managers might say that their leaders are performing exceptionally when compared with yearly goals this doesn’t line up. The majority of time the managers results doesn’t match up with there reviews because there is a serious disconnect. Studer suggests that leaders take the lead in creating accountable organizations. Set specific goals, properly measure the data, and watch how results vary, act accordingly. Also, be able to change the system quickly as the environment changes. Chapter 4 Leader Consistency Best Practices All leaders in the organization need to be consistent with each other and adopt/implement best practices. Leaders often have difficult implementing best practices. Reasons for this include that leaders of one organization might not want their successful strategies being utilized in another company because they will no longer have the edge.. Current Events Hospital Partnerships Hospitals are now forming partnerships in an attempt to decrease expenses and increase quality of care. Understand what the term synergistic means. Ex. 1+ 1=3 Together something may be obtained, but individually this could never happen. Fraying Hospital Safety Nets While safety net hospitals receive less reimbursement for procedures they are still maintaining high quality of compare. This article demonstrated through studies that these less aesthetically pleasing hospitals have similar if not better readmission rates than others. Healthcare Reform Law Creates New Age of Consumerism If Obamacare gets implemented the 40 million uninsured individuals in the US will now have access to healthcare. This brings a new age of consumers accessing health services. Since a lot more people are coming into the system many companies are restructuring their services to make them more â€Å"digestible† said Karen ignangi CEO. Medi-cal recipients warned they could lose day healthcare benefit Medical recipients might loose ability to attend adult day healthcare center where they receive nursing care, social services, and meals. To continue receiving benefits these individuals must enroll in managed care programs. Cedars Sinai- UCLA cut from LA city health plan Because of increased cost cefars and ucla DOCTORS have been cut from anthem blue cross network. 60,000 employees are unable to attend these hospitals for future services. Because of research and public perception cost these hospitals are capable of charging higher rates. New system for patients to report medical mistakes â€Å"Currently there is no mechanism for consumers to report information about patient safety events. † Politicians and other officials state that it would be beneficial to implement a system where patients/consumers can give feedback regarding their experiences. This will increase the quality of care over time. Some officials are worried that patients may mischaracterize an outcome as an adverse event because they have a lack of medical knowledge. Patients would report these errors using a website and telephone interviews. What, when, where,.. Allergan drops bid for FDA approval to promote Lap-Band for teens The company sought permission from FDA to promote lap band for kids as young as 14. After a period of time they withdraw the permission and stopped asking for it. The company faces declining revenues and is likely trying to bring them up by getting into a new market of younger kids/adults. Allergan has yet to publish their clinical results which creates doubt in its effectiveness and may be the reason why they withdrew permission. Five people have died as a result of procedures and obesity is still a catastrophic problem in our society. We need to be pushing diet, exercise, and healthy eating habits rather than surgery.. Filipino nurses win language discrimination settlement $975,000 settlement was reached between the hospital and many philipino nurses that worked there and were prevented from speaking their native language. They claimed they were followed and harassed by security and other individuals. They were even threatened by the instillation of security cameras. All the while other individuals were aloud to speak their native languages like Spanish. Administrators don’t want them speaking other languages because it makes patients feel uncomfortable. Patients need to know what’s going on at all times since their health is at stake.. Doctor turns away obese patients Put staff at risk, office isn’t equipped to handle care of over weight patients, equipment costs are high. She is legally allowed to do this but ethically it is unsound. Where did Dr. Rubino go on vacation? St Petersberg, Russia KNOW THE TRENDS IN HEALTHCARE: 1. Cost cutting will be top of mind for CEOs: mergers/partnerships, outsourcing functions to less costly vendors,†¦ 2. IT will also be of importance; incorporating EMR, and health information exchange 3. Expect consolidation, mergers, and zcquisitions 4. Expect higher turnover in C-suite as redirection and early retirements occur. These positions are now more demanding and involve more conflict. KNOW THE CASE STUDIES WE DID IN CLASS (HINT) Study the case studies they will be reworded Introduction is included in Quint Studer When you permit you promote Draw the contingency model What would prevent a manger from preventing a best practice? Ego is one answer What word could you use to describe _______? Synergistic relationships*** Exam question His own article on the amount of money that is being wasted in the medical field. The budget for medical services per year in the US is $2. 2 Trillion of which $750 billion is determined to be wasted. There is groups like administrative waste (working on projects and things that are not necessary), physicians suggesting services not contingent with evidence based medicine, fraud,†¦ How to cite Health Leadership Theory, Essay examples

Last supper Essay Example For Students

Last supper Essay The Last SupperThe Last Supper was a very powerful Biblical event, in which Jesus and his disciples gathered for one final dinner together. According to the Bible, important events took place during the Last Supper, including an announcement by Jesus that one of his disciples would betray him and the first communion. To artists in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, it was necessary to give proper deference to such notable occurrences. Both Leonardo da Vinci and Jacopo Robusti, known as Tintoretto, took upon the challenge of recreating the Last Supper. While Last Supper by da Vinci and Last Supper by Tintoretto are very similar in subject matter, they differ in composition, symbolism, and the choice of narrative moment. The Last Supper by Leonardo da Vinci is the first great figure composition of the High Renaissance and the definitive interpretation of its theme. Jesus and his twelve disciples are seated at a long table that is parallel to the picture plane. The room is spacious and peaceful, and Christ has his arms spread in disposed trust . The rest of the group is in intense and dramatic excitement, with their hands out in shock and question at Jesus words. The viewer can just feel the tense excitement sweeping through the groups of disciples. Jesus, the most important figure in the painting, has been placed in front of three windows that are in the back of the room, and he is framed by the center window with a curved pediment that arches above his head. His head serves as the focal and vanishing point of this piece, and your eye is immediately attracted to it. Da Vinci has arranged the disciples into groups of three and tied all the groups together through their hand motions giving this piece a symmetrically aesthetic feeling. Your eye is taken on a journey through the oval-shaped composition of the piece, but it is clear that Jesus serves as the vital magnet. The Last Supper by Tintoretto is a beautiful Mannerist-style painting in which the painter creates a revolutionary type of composition. The pieces surface plane now shoots in a diagonal motion and Jesus is noticeable only because of the light around his head. There is a feeling of unsure commotion throughout the figures as they lean into uncomfortable positions, such as the maid in the foreground. The figures also seem to blossom in light through a darkness of the background. The two brightest areas, Jesus and the light fixture, fight for the viewers attention and create a sense of uncertainty, perfecting what the Mannerists set out to accomplish. The use of symbolism in both Da Vincis and Tintorettos Last Supper is important to the interpretation of each piece. Da Vinci is the first known artist to place Judas, the disciple who betrays Jesus, on the same side of the table as Christ. This subtly symbolizes the trust that Jesus shared with his followers, and it is more realistic. By placing Christ in the center, as the focal point, with orthagonals leading towards him, Da Vinci creates a 3-D/pyramid effect with Christ that shows his still and stable calmness and poise amongst the distraught group. He also places Jesus inside the second window, symbolizing Jesus position as Christ, the son in the Christian trinity. The group of twelve is split into groups of threes, symbolizing the trinity, and supporting the symmetry. Tintorettos Last Supper uses symbolism very differently. He places genre figures throughout the painting, such as the waitresses, to ground the viewer in reality. This may act as his way of making the piece more realistic or closer to personal experience and therefore, more comfortable. Yet, he also places angels flying into the room, throwing off this grounded feeling but giving a nice balance of both heaven and Earth. These two accomplished artists, Da Vinci from the High Renaissance Period, and Tintoretto from the time of Mannerism, decided to paint the same event, but chose different narrative moments, exemplifying each of their purposes. Leonardo da Vinci chose to illustrate the moment in which Jesus proclaims that one of his disciples shall betray him, creating a sense of shock and question. .u137f79b4a6969f15458f7cfa4766c4e1 , .u137f79b4a6969f15458f7cfa4766c4e1 .postImageUrl , .u137f79b4a6969f15458f7cfa4766c4e1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u137f79b4a6969f15458f7cfa4766c4e1 , .u137f79b4a6969f15458f7cfa4766c4e1:hover , .u137f79b4a6969f15458f7cfa4766c4e1:visited , .u137f79b4a6969f15458f7cfa4766c4e1:active { border:0!important; } .u137f79b4a6969f15458f7cfa4766c4e1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u137f79b4a6969f15458f7cfa4766c4e1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u137f79b4a6969f15458f7cfa4766c4e1:active , .u137f79b4a6969f15458f7cfa4766c4e1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u137f79b4a6969f15458f7cfa4766c4e1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u137f79b4a6969f15458f7cfa4766c4e1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u137f79b4a6969f15458f7cfa4766c4e1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u137f79b4a6969f15458f7cfa4766c4e1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u137f79b4a6969f15458f7cfa4766c4e1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u137f79b4a6969f15458f7cfa4766c4e1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u137f79b4a6969f15458f7cfa4766c4e1 .u137f79b4a6969f15458f7cfa4766c4e1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u137f79b4a6969f15458f7cfa4766c4e1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Bottled water Essay Each of the followers of Jesus

Intelligence And Society Essays - Intelligence, Psychometrics

Intelligence And Society Intelligence In society, people base their life on intelligence. They do everything possible to get ahead in life. To get ahead, they cheat each other, back stab, and commit many sinful acts. Also, they educate themselves so they are capable of doing whatever is required of them. Society is trying to always make themselves smarter. Are they trying to change something that they have no control over though? Intelligence is something that everybody has, but is something that is developed over time. The development of intelligence has many items that play a factor. For instance, environment and heredity both play a role in developing a person's I.Q. Each of us are born with intelligence (Lawler 15). With ones intelligence, one finds outside issues exist in playing a role in their I.Q. For instance, the moment a baby is born factors are affecting that childs I.Q. The baby does not have control over these factors, but they still take an affect. The factors can range from the babys birth weight to the order in which the child was born. Loehlin, Lindzey, and Spuhler state that a child with low-birth weight tend to have a lower I.Q.(212). This is true because it is believed that if the childs birth weight is low then the child must be slower at developing. Since a child is slow at developing, he will therefore have a lower I.Q. On the other end, If you come from a large family, your I.Q. may go hand in hand with the position you were born. If you are the youngest your intelligence tends to be higher than the first born(Pinter 530). After the issues that one cant control take effect, one needs to concentrate on his parental role in developing a childs intelligence. Parental education has no effect on a child until the ages of 2-5 (Lewis 107). When a child reaches this age point, the parents play a large role in the development of his intelligence. For instance, a child that comes from an environment that is uncaring, unlovable, and abusive tends to score lower on an I.Q. test. Put that same child into a different situation, by either adoption or foster care, or just a change of parental support, and that child performance increases. I.Q. could be based on a range of environments, or lowered by lack of positive environmental feedback (Loehlin, Lindzey, and Spuhler 103). Without positive feedback a child gives up. He gives up because he feels like he is a failure at what he is doing. While the main focus on a childs intelligence comes from the home, other influences also play a role. Pinter stated By environmental influences we way mean very specific and narrow changes or else those factors of home and school (94). At school, children learn reading, writing, and arithmetic. In addition to classes, school offers a good place to fellowship with others. During the fellowship, one is able to gain knowledge from other people. That fellowship though isnt always a good thing. For example, suppose that everything the child hears throughout the day is not true. Then, that child becomes ignorant to the truth. All this happens because the child is bombarded with false information throughout the day. At some time the child will start believing that everything he hears is true. With children balancing out each others intelligence in conversation, the need for it to be built up increases. Children who get special attention tend to have higher I.Q. (Loehlin, Lindzey, and Spuhler 112). This is where a childs teacher plays a role in developing his intelligence. A teacher has the opportunity to work and train a student by giving help [causing him to] be smarter (Loehlin, Lindzey, and Spuhler 112). If teachers do not interact with their students, how can one expect the students to gain anything; by teachers helping, it shows love. That love closely relates to the parents role in child development. In addition, the child is with the teacher for the majority of the day. How the teacher and the child interact is a decisive factor in that childs intelligence. In addition to the teachers nature, the classes the teacher teaches takes a part in developing intelligence. Throughout

Trinity Washington University Admissions Data

Trinity Washington University Admissions Data Trinity Washington University Description: Located on a wooded campus in northeastern Washington D.C., Trinity Washington University is a private university affiliated with the Catholic Church. Founded as a school for women in 1897, Trinity has gone through many changes in its long history. Today the undergraduate College of Arts and Sciences remains a womens college, but the university also has a coeducational School of Professional Studies for adults who wish to advance their careers, and a School of Education with several graduate programs for men and women. Trinity calls itself the most affordable private university in Washington, and the tuition is indeed much lower than many area schools including nearby Catholic University. In athletics, the Trinity Tigers compete in the NCAA Division III for seven womens sports. The schools enviable location is near many other colleges and universities. Admissions Data (2016): Trinity Washington University Acceptance Rate: 89%Trinity Washington University has test-optional admissionsTest Scores 25th / 75th PercentileSAT Critical Reading: - / -SAT Math: - / -SAT Writing: - / -SAT score comparison for D.C. collegesACT Composite: - / -ACT English: - / -ACT Math: - / -ACT score comparison for D.C. colleges Enrollment (2016): Total Enrollment: 2,068  (1,563  undergraduates)Gender Breakdown: 3% Male / 97% Female69% Full-time Costs (2016  - 17): Tuition and Fees: $23,250Books: $1,040 (why so much?)Room and Board: $10,334Other Expenses: $2,140Total Cost: $36,764 Trinity Washington University Financial Aid (2015  - 16): Percentage of New Students Receiving Aid: 99%Percentage of New Students Receiving Types of AidGrants: 99%Loans: 74%Average Amount of AidGrants: $15,016Loans: $5,800 Academic Programs: Most Popular Majors:  Business Administration, Communication, Criminal Justice, Human Relations, Psychology Transfer, Graduation and Retention Rates: First Year Student Retention (full-time students): 66%Transfer Out Rate: 13%4-Year Graduation Rate: 12%6-Year Graduation Rate: 40% Intercollegiate Athletic Programs: Womens Sports:  Soccer, Softball, Tennis, Basketball, Volleyball Data Source: National Center for Educational Statistics If You Like Trinity Washington University, You May Also Like These Schools: George Washington University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphMarymount University: Profile  Howard University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphDelaware State University: Profile  Virginia State University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphNew York University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphNorfolk State University: Profile  Salisbury University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphCoppin State University: Profile  American University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphBowie State University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT Graph Trinity Washington University Mission Statement: read the complete mission statement at  trinitydc.edu/mission/ Trinity is a comprehensive institution offering a broad range of educational programs that prepare students across the lifespan for the intellectual, ethical and spiritual dimensions of contemporary work, civic and family life.

Gewirth's argument for natural human rights Speech or Presentation

Gewirth's argument for natural human rights - Speech or Presentation Example Gewirth argued against the claims that described basic human rights as 'excess baggage' and an unnecessary burden by claiming that every human being has and must have a basic human right to ensure their own well-being and that such right must be protected by law (Gewirth, 1986: p. 330). Gewirth strongly supported the granting of basic human rights to all individuals and claimed that individuals can rightfully claim such rights for their own well-being merely by virtue of being conscious agents and they also must grant similar rights to others based on the same principle. This argument was however a subject of criticism among other political scholars. Alisdair MacIntyre - a proponent of Aristotelian moral philosophy argued that Gewirth's argument of human rights as 'natural' was illogical and fictional in nature. Jack Donnell on the other hand supported the argument by stating that historically this principle was endorsed during the bourgeois revolution during the 17th and 18th centur ies and hence can be applicable in present day society as well (Tierney, 1997: p.2). 2. Set out the context of the author in question – their work and interests Alan Gewirth, is known for his impressive literary works and scholarly articles in the field of the natural law and political philosophy. He was a staunch believer and proponent of universal human rights. The publication of one of his most widely debated essays on Reason and Morality emphasized his views and ideologies on the concept of human rights as well as the principle of generic consistency whereby he stressed the significance and need for equality of rights for all individuals across the spectrum. Prior to the publication of this project he was focused on exploration and analysis of the works of other scholars such as the famous French philosopher Rene Descartes (Boylan, 1999: p.41; Gewirth, 1943: p. 17) and the political philosophy of Marsilius of Padua. Gewirth's theories and ideologies were inspired largely from the persistent chaos and mistreatment of human beings during wars and other conflicts that plagued the twentieth century (Moreno-Riano & Nederman, 2011: p. 335). Gewirth dedicated a significant part of his academic career at the University of Chicago which was known for its strong support for right-wing libertarianism. As a result several prominent libertarians including Eric Marc, Tribor Machan, Roger Pilon and the likes have used Gewirth's philosophy and take on human rights to endorse and support their own ideologies (The University of Chicago Chronicle, 2004; Brown, n.d.). His previous essays largely focused on a range of issues concerning human rights "Starvation and human rights"; "Can utilitarianism justify any moral rights?" and so on. His earlier works were aimed at exploring the policy issues and theoretical challenges confronting human rights. He also published comprehensive essays with elaborate responses to the critiques of his essays presenting a strong argument i n favour of equality of human rights; the freedom and rights of individuals to seek their well-being; and theories supporting rational justification (Donnelly, 1983: p. 476). 3. Summarise the relevant content and

Professional practice and ethics real estate Essay

Professional practice and ethics real estate - Essay Example This study focuses attention on real estate academics and practitioners, process to identify important real estate topics. First, while we explore the natural descriptions and definitions of various terms, we aim to interpret and describe a specific case study raising concerns on professional ethics. Then, in the second phase, the full list of potential solution, responses are collated from different perspectives and for the benefit of various stakeholders - clients, public and the real estate associate.The primary focus here is to be reflective about values, ethics and professionalism in daily practice of real estate. This article not only considers the development of national and international standards for valuers, it also examines briefly the variations and differences in market practice arising from variations in law, culture and custom while acknowledging the general acceptance internationally of the prevalent meaning of market value and ethics by global standards.While urban d evelopment is always political and about values, power is present in all decisions, which might be productive or otherwise and the general assumption in terms of democracy that a public good can be achieved.There is a conscious effort to conceptualise the meaning of ethics and values in real estate, and debate what would constitute ethical practice in a variety of ethical dilemmas; appreciate the meaning of professionalism and ethics to deeply understand the implicit and explicit expectations and responsibilities placed upon professionals in real estate and finally to acknowledge the specific duties owed by professionals to clients, customers and the wider community and understand the concept of professional liability in the context of all the related and relevant laws. The attempt ideally should be to acknowledge and respect social diversity, and critically understand how planning and real estate practice impacts upon different groups in society. Primarily, seeking other counsel; working through informal networks; exposing assumptions; bargain for information; being doubly sure, and negotiate for more clarity should be defined purpose of every ethical attempt in a profession. Code of Ethics in the profession of Real Estate It is very important to recognize that the interests of the nation and its citizens require the highest and best use of the land and the widest distribution of land ownership, upon which depend the survival and growth of free institutions. They require the creation of adequate housing, the building of functioning cities, the development of productive industries and farms, and the preservation of a healthful environment. Such varied interests impose obligations beyond those of ordinary commerce and deals. They evoke serious social responsibility and a duty to which real estate associates should dedicate themselves, appropriately well prepared. In recognition and appreciation of their obligations to clients, customers, the public, the real estate associates continuously strive and aim to remain informed on issues affecting real estate. They should identify and take steps, through enforcement of Code of Ethics and by assisting appropriate regulatory bodies, to eliminate practices which may damage the public or which might discredit or bring dishonor to the real estate

I can express in a personal letter, different feelings and can report Essay

I can express in a personal letter, different feelings and can report the news of the day making clear what in my opinion are the important aspects of an event - Essay Example The United Kingdom is on the cusp of historical change and I am here to witness it first hand thanks to your unwavering support of my academic pursuits. Without your sparkling recommendation letter to my current university, I doubt I would have been in the unique position to witness British history as I am now. As the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge begin to create their new family with Prince George, I can see that the future of the monarchy is ever bright and that I am a very lucky person to be able to witness all of these changes in the United Kingdom first hand. I will always be grateful to you for your part in helping me succeed in life. You are a unique educator and I wish there were more like you out there because I am sure there are a lot more students who were like me in the past who need your influence to help guide them during their pivotal

Military Culture: A Dynamic Phenomenon

Military Culture: A Dynamic Phenomenon Military culture is a dynamic phenomenon which undergoes evolution in consonance with changing environments. Effects of changes may not be sudden or abrupt but over a period of time; however the variations in environment have potential to alter the entire character of an army. Sequel to this, organizational changes have direct bearing on military culture, as they define the lifestyle of a military outfit. These changes coupled with increased requirements of specialized outfits due to intrinsic geographical diversity have catalyzed cultural shifts in our military. These smaller and particular set ups have actually created/likely to lead to a no of variant or sub-cultures in the army. This sub-cultural shift if not controlled and channelized may result into serious mutations from our very strong, seasoned and well evolved military values as well as culture. In view of above, carryout an in depth study of change in the culture of Pakistan Army attributable to organizational changes as well as concept of specialized outfits with a view to suggest remedial measures to offset any ill-tendencies / disadvantages. . ABSTRACT Culture is diverse in nature. It exists everywhere on this earth. Pakistan is has a rich Culture which is a blend of various cultures that existed in the sub ­continent during the pre-partition era. Our psycho-social and socio-economic environment has deteriorated over the past decades. The employment of units in Sub Conventional Warfare in the last decade and due to Indians Pro Active Operations Strategy has affected the military culture in Pakistan Army. The military culture whether it is affected by the organizational changes and establishing of the satellite cantonments or not is a question that has been discussed in this paper. The social and cultural problems like reduced ethical values, increased careerism, individualism etc has greatly influenced the military lifestyle. The military culture which had very strong values, customs and traditions is undergoing a process of degradation. More so the media and general awareness has also played a major role in giving rise to materi alistic approach among the officers and soldiers alike. This study has highlighted the reasons for the degeneration of military culture and also gives certain recommendations which can reduce the level of deterioration and revive the lost traditions which are a hallmark of our Military Culture. TABLE OF CONTENTS S/No Title Page Preliminaries 1 Theme ii 2 Abstract iii 3 Table of Contents iv Part-I 4 a. Basic definitions and historical perspective 2 b. Roots of Military Culture of Sub Continent 10 c. Part-Il 5 a. Organizational / role changes over past 16 decade in Pakistan Army b. Strengths of Military Culture 17 c. Deformation in Military Culture due to Changes 19 in organization and Role Part-Ill 6 Effects of socio-cultural disorder on Pakistan Army 23 Part-IV 7 Recommendations 27 8 Bibliography 33 EFFECTS OF ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGES AND CREATION OF SPECIALIZED UNITS ON MILITARY CULTURE An Army without culture is dull witted army, and a dull witted army cannot defeat the enemy Moa Tse Tung Introduction 1. Cultural and social changes have been a dominant part of the evolution of mankind. Culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, customs, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society  [1]  . Military society is a unique and distinct entity with its own sub-culture. This form of culture provides an environment under which leadership and management are exercised in the armed forces. Military culture is often determined and modified by the nature of the society of its origin. Although the elements of the military culture like training, discipline, codes, conditioning etceteras play a pivotal role to bring about changes in the cultural traits of military personnel, the cultural traits of the society remains its very foundation. 2. For a military outfit it is extremely important to have a team equipped with an enriched military culture which can deliver in the hour of need. What makes a soldier fight? In some cases it is the motivation based on ideology, in others it may be materialistic motives. It takes a wide span of time to inculcate all those attributes which a soldier needs to withstand challenges in the combat. This is a whole time commitment where one spends more time in dealing with professional choirs than with normal society. History is witness to the fact that military culture has played a key role in the final outcome of many battles. Culture is a barometer of societys health. An eroded culture will be a reflection of the illness of a society and vice versa. 3. After 9/11, not only affected the society of our country but also transformed the military culture of Pakistan Army a lot. The Sub Conventional Wars in Federally Administered Tribal Areas, Swat and areas of Balochistan resulted in formation of new specialized outfits with specific tasks. Indians Pro Active Strategy has also resulted in the organizational changes as well in the form of establishment of new satellite stations/ cantonments. These organizational changes has affected the military culture in Pakistan Army prevailing a decade ago resulting in the deformation of already established military customs, traditions and culture. There is a dire need to identify the deformation that has taken place and the effort that is required to remove/ correct them. Aim 4. To carry out an in depth study of changes in Pakistan Army culture in historic perspective, current changes in the culture attributable to organizational / specialized outfit related transformations, with a view to suggesting remedial measures to offset the deformation in the military culture. PART-I BASIC DEFINITIONS AND HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE Basic Definitions 5. In order to undertake the study it is imperative to understand the following basic concepts so as to build a sound base for the analysis. a. Society. The English word society emerged in the 15th century and is derived from the French word societe. The French word, in turn, had its origin in the Latin word societas, which means a friendly association with others, from socius meaning companion, associate, and comrade or business partner. The Latin word is probably related to the verb sequi, to follow, and thus originally may have meant follower  [2]  . In political science, the term is often used to mean the totality of human relationships, generally in contrast to the State, i.e., the apparatus of rule or government within a territory. In the social sciences such as sociology, society has been used to mean a group of people that form a semi-closed social system, in which most interactions are with other individuals belonging to the group. Societies may also be organized according to their political structure. In order of increasing size and complexity, there are bands, tribes, chiefdoms, and state societies. These s tructures may have varying degrees of political power, depending on the cultural geographical and historical environments that these societies must contend with. Thus, a more isolated society with the same level of technology and culture as other societies is more likely to survive than one in closer proximity to others that may encroach on their resources. A society that is unable to offer an effective response to other societies it competes with will usually be subsumed into the culture of the competing society. b. Ethos. Ethos, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, is defined as the characteristic spirit, prevalent tone of sentiment, of a people or community; the genius of an institution or system, although it originally has its roots in the Greek word etho or to be accustomed to  [3]  . In a place where one might gather often, the opportunity for developing communal values indefinitely arises. These types of values are those which are established in the meaning of ethos. Therefore, to be a good example of ethos, one most portray the types of traits that are most valued within a society which sometimes differs for every society. For example, those virtues as related to Athens would be justice, courage, temperance, magnificence, magnanimity, liberality, gentleness, prudence, and wisdom.  [4]   c. Culture. Culture is defined as the sum of symbols, ideas, forms of expression, and material products associated with a social system. It is a dynamic medium through which societies create a collective way of life reflected in such things as beliefs, values, music, literature, art, dance, science, religious ritual, and technology. In this sense, it is literally the source from which we create most of what we experience as reality, and as such its place in human life is enormously important  [5]  . Culture is the integrated pattern of human knowledge, belief and behavior. Culture thus consists of language, ideas, beliefs, customs, taboos, codes, institution, tools, techniques, work of art, rituals, ceremonies, and other related components. Some researchers say that culture is concerned with the state of mind, spirit and civilization. Even human society also enjoys its own particular culture, or socio- ­culture system which overlaps with other systems. Variations among socio-cu ltural system are attributed to physical habits and stretches to the range of possibilities. Culture is inherent in various areas of activity, such as language, rituals and customs. The attitude, values, ideals and beliefs of individuals are greatly influenced by the culture in which they live. Precisely, culture is the sum total of the ways of life of people in a particular society. Culture is the key to understanding a group, has a lot of practical value to a sociologist. If we know the culture and its implication for man or group of men, we can predict certain part of their behavior, and explain most of its part actions. Following aspects of culture are vital  [6]  . (1) Culture is a continuously changing process. It adapts itself to new situation and environment though it is not observed since the changing process is quite slow apparently but has deep under currents. (2) Whenever culture of a society is dilated upon, the instance of that society is not protected. d. Mores. Mores are norms that reflect deeply held cultural ideals about how people should behave. Mores make more important distinctions, such as those between good and evil, virtuous and sinful, laudable and repugnant. A societys mores define standards of behaviour that are more serious and punishment for their violation tends to be both more certain and more severe. Mores extend beyond the rightness or wrongness of certain acts to the most profound ideas about life in a society is supposed to be about  [7]  . e. Military Culture. The military society is a unique and a distinct entity with its own sub culture. This form of culture provides an environment under which leadership and management are exercised in the armed forces. Military culture is often determined and modified by the nature of the society and of its origin, although, the elements of culture like training, discipline ,codes, conditioning etc play a significant role to bring about changes in the cultural traits of military personnel, nevertheless, the cultural traits of the entire society remains as the foundation. Since differences or changes in cultural traits are brought about by these elements, they become factors of consideration, particularly in crisis or battle situation. The performance and conduct of soldiers in crisis and battle are the sum total of cultural traits they have imbibed over a period. Military culture is generally based on ideals of honour, sacrifice and discipline, thereby appearing different from the t raditional value system of any society. The extent of attainment of these ideals; account for the professional rating of the military. This consequently differentiates a professional army from a non ­professional one. Pakistan Army evolved along with the history of the nation itself and has experienced modifications of its military culture at various critical times. The different stages that the army experienced has helped to modify its culture to what it is today exercising both positive and negative trends on its professionalism. Historical Perspective 6. Genesis of Military Culture in a Global Perspective. Military culture can be traced back to the genesis of human society itself. The interesting phenomenon is that despite the wide diversity of the worlds cultural scene, military culture all over, has the same basic ingredients and therefore cannot be isolated drastically from the national culture. Military culture breeds respect, honour and regard for fellow soldiers. Its builds a positive culture in which its members live. It is the mainstay of any successful military organization  [8]  . Military culture, apart from geographical influences, also has deep historical roots in the genesis of the particular army as well. The armies raised by the colonial powers retain the imprints of colonial occupation in their overall outlook. As humans developed their dwellings into communal groups and the network of tribal society began spreading, so did the profession of arms. Initially all members of the clan were supposed to take up arms whenever circumstances necessitated acquiring or retaining. As civilization grew larger, different people took to different walks of life. This was the origin of professionals. In order to understand the genesis of military culture in its broader perspective, Ancient civilizations of Egypt and Greece will be mention here:- a. Military Culture of Ancient Egypt. Egypt is known as a land of ancient wisdom  [9]  . By the 1468 BC, small groups of people started settling down along the banks of the Nile. These settlements became small villages and in time the headman of one village grew stronger and more powerful than his neighbours. Finally his descendants became rulers were known as Pharaohs and there subjects worshiped them as gods  [10]  . The first Pharaoh to rule the Kingdom of upper and lower Nile was Menes, but Hyksos was the first ruler who organized the army and gave birth to the ancient military culture of Egypt. The Hyksos dynasty were driven out by Ahmes in 1567 BC, and from his time onwards, the practice of methods of war became an essential part of the Pharaohs training curriculum. The cities needed dedicated people to defend them and the state needed a powerful army to implement its policies within and without. The Army was the only tangible instrument of power, so great care was take n to indoctrinate its members in a way that that believed in the divinity of the monarch. The important components were: ­- (1) Chivalry. (2) Courage. (3) Honour. (4) Duty. (5) Patriotism. (6) Sense of Sacrifice. (7) Fidelity. (8) Unquestioned Obedience. (9) Divinity of the Cause. b. Military Culture of the Greeks. Greeks are a part of our mental furniture, our cultural baggage. Alternatively, they are the rock on which the painfully constructed edifices of our experiences actually rest  [11]  . But which Greeks are they, precisely, whom we should look back to, to trace the genesis of military culture? Alexander, the greatest flag bearer of Greek Culture, was not a Greek but a Macedonian. Nevertheless, Greeks were a warrior people. War, as Heraclites of Ephesus put it round about 500 BC, is the king and father of all things and all men, some he makes free some slaves. War in ancient Greece, defined the political rights and responsibilities of citizens and colonies, as well as providing a peculiarly demanding test of brute physique and mental strength. It drew the line between the free and the unfree both within the Greek world and between the Greeks and the surrounding barbarian or non-Greek cultures. Apart from their cardinal values of their military cult ure, the Greeks had moral opposition to militarism that sets classical Greek military culture apart from that of the peoples, ancient or modern, making it ancestral in particular to Western military culture  [12]  . ROOTS OF MILITARY CULTURE OF SUB CONTINENT 7. The Indus Valley civilization and culture emerged in about 2500 B.C. Later in 3rd century BC, King Ashoka gave a concept of highly trained and professional Army to the subcontinent. Military culture based on Ashokas values of bravery and wisdom, flourished in the land for the centuries to come. Early Muslim Conquests and Our Military Culture (1) In early 8th century, Muhammad Bin Qasim defeated Raja Dahirs army at Hyderabad. This exposed people of Subcontinent to the Islamic military culture based on brotherhood, bravery, justice, equality, honour and sacrifice. (2) The next major exposure to our military culture was of Muslim sultanate which was established in Delhi by early 13th century. In 16th century the Mongols, who were the decedents of Genghis Khan swept over the mountain passes from Central Asia came to this region. Now, besides the balanced culture of Islam, the harsh culture of YASA (the constitution of the Genghis Khan), the cast-ridden culture of Hinduism and soft culture of Buddhists and Confucius got induced into the military culture of Subcontinent. The British Colonial Era (1) The next cultural big bang occurred due to the arrival of British on the scene. The British restructured and reorganized the local forces. British Raj influenced various facets of our military culture like customs, institutions, and ceremonies. (2) In British Indian Army, religious tendencies were not advocated; rather British officers laid emphasis on loyalty, duty and regimentation. They presented new ideas like mess culture and the creation of rank of Junior Commissioned Officer (JCO). They also created phenomenal training institutions like Military College Jhelum and Command and Staff College Quetta. So our military culture till independence was a cluttered culture of various civilizations and did not have a single theme to be pursued. Transition Period (1947 1953). 1947 brought new dreams, new hopes and new challenges for the new army. That was the right time to identify our true military culture and shun all unwanted elements. But unfortunately that could not happen because at the time of independence Pakistan Armed Forces were deficient of officers. The shortage of officers, forced Pakistan Armed Forces to retain almost 500 British officers on contract at senior command and staff appointments, who maintained status quo. Therefore, Pakistan Armed Forces could not find their cultural identity in its new composite entity. Disengagement of the residual British officers in 1953 was the beginning of the development of a new military culture. Consolidation Era (1953 1971). This phase witnessed political instability and the appointment of General Ayub Khan as the Commander-In-Chief. This era brought the idea of Martial Law in the Pakistan Armed Forces. Present shortcomings in our present military culture, due to interactions with the civilians, have their roots embedded in the time frame of consolidation era i.e. from 1953 to 1971. Another important happening in this time frame was the realization that we should give away the British traditions and in this search of our identity and national pride, the pride in affiliation with the British Crown was disowned by symbolic removal of the word Royal that preceded all unit designations. This era also saw 1965 War. The armed forces enjoyed an intimate backing from the civilian masses and the war made soldiers as national heroes. e. Period From 1971 1977 (1) This era witnessed the darkest turn in our National history. Nation faced a political defeat in a military arena. (2) On the contrary, the strength of the Armed Forces was not decreased and the Government maintained a strong and efficient military. Our culture did not change much in this period but the masses and the Armed Forces started feeling the requirement of integrating the Islamic values into their daily lives. f. Period From 1977 1988 (1) This era again brought the Armed Forces to the center stage of national politics. In this phase, religion remained central to General Zias philosophy. Changes such as comprehensive ban on drinking were implemented. A cultural shift from a westernized life style to a more Islamic life style started to begin. (2) Military co-operation with other countries improved. It was estimated that about 30,000 Pakistani troops were stationed in 24 different countries in 1983. This brought a wave of prosperity among the officers and men. There was a swift shift of culture in this time frame from western style to core oriental and Islamic way of military life style. This was the era whose impressions can still be found in our present military culture. Period From 1988 1999. This era was characterized by democratic rule and political instability. In a span of seven years, four governments were changed. Due to self interest of various political parties, the political atmosphere remained charged. In spite of tall claims, the economic state depleted and foreign investment decreased due to rampant corruption, deteriorating law and order and political instability. During this decade, both India and Pakistan became overtly nuclear. This gave a temporary boost to National spirit and the public sentiments aroused. This was immediately followed by the Kargil Campaign. Our culture, however, did not change much during this decade. Period From 1999 to 2007 (1) General Pervaiz Musharaf took over as Chief Executive after military coup. Qualified / suitable Retired military / civilians were appointed as heads of prime organizations which gave an economic boost to these organizations. This era also attracted foreign investment, offered better job opportunities and increase in foreign exchange reserves. Some of its achievements were:- (a) WAPDA was saved by the Army from total disaster. (b) Pakistan Railways was rescued and it started giving profit. (c) Steel Mill also started giving profit. (d) Media became independent and a lot of private channels were opened. (2) The events of 9 / 11 changed the complexion of international environment and perception of our people. Government decided to become an ally of NATO forces on Global War on Terror (GWOT). Effects of this strategic shift can be seen even today. In later stage of his reign General Musharraf lost his pride as a leader which had direct influence on the image of the Army. This era can conveniently be termed as one man show. The episode of Dr Abdul Qadir Khan, assassination of Akbar Bugti, Lal Masjid operation and removal of Chief Justice, holding of President office being in uniform and emergency declared on 3rd Nov 2010 were some of the controversial decisions resulted in the decline of Musharafs era. i. 2008 till todate (1) Army pulled out from all political institutions. Elections were held and Political Government was set in. Inefficient people with accelerated promotions got appointed as heads of prime institutions. At occasions, National and Provincial Assemblies gave a picture of fish market. The institution which had the public mandate lost its value, resultantly all organization from transport (PIA and railways) to energy sectors are on verge of collapse. Corruption, lawlessness, injustice, worst energy short fall, unabated inflation and price-hike have further compounded the situation in the country. There seems to be no strategy to give relief to the commoners. Uncontrolled and un-steered media became a monster. Instead of providing strength to the society it started to bash various organizations with Army as no exception. Presently, talk shows have become famous for blame game and use of un-parliamentary language. Some of the under mentioned incidents clearly show planned Army bashing by m edia and politicians:- (a) 2nd May incident. (b) Memogate scandal. (c) Salala post incident. (d) North Atlantic Treaty Organization supplies issue. (2) However, during this period Army totally remained focused on military affairs and improved its image. Professionalism came back and training took the center stage. Some of the highlights of this period are appended below:- Army level war games (AzmeNau series). Year of soldier with introduction of Base line menu. Pay package was considerably increased. Introduction of Yum e Shuhada including Shuhada package. Year of training focusing back to basics. Army level study periods. Incentive of free uniform and plots for JCOs / soldiers. Revision of policies. Improvement in Information Technology environment (inclusion of Office Automated System). Success of Military Operation in Swat. Management of Internally displaced personnel (IDPs). Introduction of combat dress. Enhanced accountability. PART II Organizational / Role Changes over Past Decade in Pakistan Army 8. Organizational Changes. After the incident of 9/11 and the following Global War on Terrorism brought not only changes to the Pakistani Society but also had definite changes onto the military culture of Pakistan Army. It changed the outlook of almost entire army as to how it looked before its commitment in the Sub Conventional Warfares operations. It definitely had some positive aspects to its credit but as far as military culture is concerned it brought some drastic unwanted changes and deformation. The organizational changes that took place during this decade were:- a. Commitment of Army in civilian affairs to include monitoring of various state run institutions which were decaying due to inefficiency, which included:- (1) WAPDA. (2) Government educational institute. (3) Hospitals. (4) Census. (5) Elections. (6) Railways. (7) Pakistan Steels and others. b. Pakistan Army moved to the lawless Federally Administered Tribal Area along the Durand line after the invasion of Afghanistan by United States of America. Pakistan Army moved to these areas for the first time after the independence. The units and formations those were deployed have a changed role not previously practiced or known to them. They were not properly trained for this type of warfare. These units had to undergo changes not only in their role but also in their military culture due to the changed environment. These changes in the military cultures were demand of the situation and time. With the passage of time these unwanted deformation in the military customs and cultures came with these changes in the organization and roles of the units and formations of army. 9. Evolution of Special Units/Outfits. The last decade saw changes in terms of evolution of specialized outfit and units. The raising of these units, outfits and organizations vastly improve the combat potential of the Pakistan Army. The evolution and raising of these new units and outfits was the need of the hour. These specialized units were trained; equipped and stationed at special locations in consonance with their operational roles. The examples in case are Light Commando Battalions and Units of Army Strategic Force Command. Due to their peculiar roles and task, these units were cut off from the routine life of a cantonment; adversely affecting the military culture of these outfits. 10. Establishments of Satellite Station/Cantonments. In the last one decade, Indian Army has been evaluating and practicing its Pro Active Operations Strategy. This strategy has serious consequences for Pakistan Army resulting in the construction and establishments of new forward cantonments/satellite stations. Pakistan Armys response to Indians Pro Active Operations Strategy is New Concept of War Fighting. This entailed moving of troops to forward locations during the peace time. This factor has further put troops and officers away from the main cantonments and away from the military cultures. This also includes affecting the training and grooming of all ranks. 11. Strengths of Military Culture. Pakistan Armed Forces enjoys the reputation of being a professional combat force capable of taking on any operational task. This has been proved time and again by our troops engaged in the nation building, United Nations peace keeping missions and during war with India. Some of the strengths of our military culture are:- a. Symbol of National Unity. Ever since its emergence, military has maintained its nationalistic ethos despite various cultural, ethnic, religious rifts gripping Pakistani society. The military has a stature of being above these, thus acting as a unifying force for the country. The role it played in subduing the anti national forces has earned them the respect and are being viewed as the Symbol of National Unity. b. Strength of Institution. The institution of armed forces is constituted on strong ideological foundations of defense of the motherland from internal and external threats. c. National Army. Military culture has an inherent flexibility of warmly accepting all individuals without any discrimination of caste, creed or colour. A large number of Balochi Youth has been inducted in all arms and services of Pakistan Army not only to bring them in mainstream but also to make Pakistan Army as true National Army. It approves healthy competition of achieving professional excellence and rightful doings. d. Religious Values. The recruitment of armed forces is carried out on voluntary basis. Because of the inherent religious strength of our society the desire for martyrdom has always been the prime facet of our military culture. e. Fair System. Military has a s

Mine Okubos Citizen 13660 - Japanese Americans Have No Rights :: Mine Okubo Citizen 13660 Essays

Mine Okubo's Citizen 13660 - Japanese Americans Have No Rights â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Weiler). As stated in the Declaration of Independence, all American citizens are â€Å"endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Right †(Weiler) website. However, the United States did not hold true to this promise when removing all Nisei, Japanese Americans, from the pacific coast and transporting them to various relocation centers. In these relocation centers, the Nisei, also referred to as evacuees, were burdened to live in harsh environments, secluded from the outside world. The novel Citizen 13660 describes how the United States stripped the Nisei of their unalienable rights nor other rights entitled to United States citizens. All American citizens are entitled to the right to vote. While in the relocation centers the Nisei had very little contact with the outside world. In an act to solidify and come together as a camp, the evacuees decided they would try to form a type of self-government which would consist of a Center Advisory Council. For some this would be a completely new experience. â€Å"The election gave the Issei their first chance to vote along with their citizen offspring† (Okubo 91). The Issei, not being American citizens having emigrated from Japan, did not have the right under the United States Constitution to vote. However, their only chance at voting was shortly taken away when army orders said that only American citizens would be able to vote. Soon however, all forms of voting for the self-government were disassembled when army orders stopped the planning of the Assembly Center government. This goes against Amendment XV of the United States Constitution which stat e, â€Å"The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude† (â€Å"The American Presidency†). Also, when taken to the relocation camps, the Nisei lost all representation in the United States government. They no longer had a representative to tell about problems with the camp or to even protest being there. By being relocated they lost their right to vote a representative. In the United States, it is illegal to hold a person against their will without probable cause yet the Issei and Nisei were both stripped from their homes and brought to a foreign location.

Nuremberg Laws against the Jews Essay

The Nuremberg Laws were aimed at preserving the purity of the German race. One of the intentions of the Nuremberg Laws was to provide for who was considered to be a Jew or what it meant to be a Jew. This paper therefore examines the Nuremberg Laws, with an aim of answering the comparative question of what it meant to be a Jew according to the laws. The Nuremberg Laws stemmed from the Nazi Racial Legislation of 1935, which was aimed at upholding the perceived Germanic racial superiority, and promoting it as such. According to Hoss (2013), the national identity in Nazi Germany was required to hold an extremely more superior race. As Stimson (2013) points out, the German racial superiority was expected to be free from the Jews’ contamination. Hoss (2013) points out that during Nazi Germany, the Germans were considered better than Jews, and so the former was required to act in a manner that annihilated the latter. It is for this reason that Nuremberg Laws were formulated to define the identity of the Jews and minimize their contamination of the perceived German racial superiority, all in the hope of safeguarding the German nation for the entire future and upholding the perceive purity of the German blood (Ward & Gainty, 2011). Article 5 of the Nuremberg Laws provided an elaboration of who was to be considered as a Jew. For instance, under Article 5(1) of the Nuremberg Laws, a person was to be considered as a Jew if he or she was a descendant of at least three grandparents who were racially full Jews. Article 5(1) was to be read together with the second sentence of part 2 of Article 2 of the Nuremberg Laws. Article 5(2) of the Nuremberg Laws also provided that a person shall be considered as a Jew if both of his or her parents were full Jews (Ward & Gainty, 2012, p. 332). Under the statute of these formed laws (i. e. the Nuremberg Laws), a person was deemed to have descended from two full Jewish parents, if (a) he or she was a member of the Jewish religious community at the time the Nuremberg Laws came to force, or joined the said community after the laws came into force; (b) he or she was in a marriage relationship with a Jew at the time the laws come into force or entered into such a marriage after the laws had come into force; (c) he or she was born to at least a Jewish parent in a manner provided under Section 1, and if the marriage from which he or she is an offspring was constructed consequent to the coming into force of the Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honor; and (d) he or she was an offspring an extramarital relationship, that involved a Jew, in the sense of Section 1, and was to be born outside wedlock after the 31st day of July, the year 1936 (Ward & Gainty, 2012). Section 1 of the Nuremberg Laws prohibited any form of marriage relationship between German nationals or kindred blood and Jew. Such marriages were to be considered illegal and against section 1 of the Nuremberg Laws even if, for purposes of evading the law, they were concluded outside Nazi Germany. An individual who happened to be a Jew as provided under Article 5 of the Nuremberg Laws, and as has been explained highlighted in the previous paragraphs, was prohibited, under Section 1 of the Laws, from contracting any marriage relationship with a German national or kindred blood, whether within Nazi Germany or overseas (Ward & Gainty, 2012,). Similarly, Section 2 of the said laws prevented any Jew from entering into any outside marriage with German nationals or kindred blood. According to Hoss (2013) this was aimed at protecting the superiority of the German nation and preserving the purity of the German blood by ensuring that no child of German origin was born outside wedlock, and worse still, with a Jewish parent, since the Jews were not expected to mingle with the German nationals. The Nuremberg Laws did not target the Jews within the context of marriage per se, but also sought to limit the rights of the Jews in terms of free and fair management of their households. For instance, under Section 3 of the Nuremberg Laws, no Jew was allowed to employ a female German national or kindred blood as a domestic worker (Ward & Gainty, 2012). This was construed by Hoss (2013) as a way of preventing incidents of master-servant abuses (e. g. sexual abuse of female German national domestic servants by their Jewish masters), and which could, in some cases, lead to the breach of Section 2 of the laws. The Jews were also prohibited from associating with both the Reich and the German national flag. For instance, Section 4 of the Nuremberg Laws prohibited any Jewish person from hosting the Reich and/or national flag as well as hosting the colours of the Reich (Ward & Gainty, 2012). The punishments that were to be meted against the Jews who were deemed to have acted in breach of sections 1-4 of the Nuremberg Laws varied in nature, and were provided under Section 5 of the laws. For instance, acting contrary to Section 1 of the laws attracted hard labour as punishment, whereas that who breached Section 2 of the said laws was liable for imprisonment or hard labour (Ward & Gainty, 2012). Similarly, Section 5 of the laws provided that whoever (i. e. any Jew) was found to have acted contrary to the provisions of Sections 3 and 4 of the laws would be liable for imprisonment for a period of not more than 1 year, and with a fine or with one of the penalties provided thereof (Ward & Gainty, 2012). In conclusion therefore, the Nuremberg Laws, when viewed from legal and moral perspectives, appear to be both illegal (especially in the context of international humanitarian law) and immoral, as they aimed at legalizing open discrimination against the Jews and denying members of the Jewish community the right to freedom of association and expression of free will. In addition, the supposed punishments for acting in breach of the various Sections of the laws were controversial, and so depended on the mood and attitude of whoever was presiding over as the ‘judge. ’ For instance, Section 5(3) of the laws fell short of defining what constituted a fine as a punishment for acting in breach of Sections 3 and 4 of the laws. The implication thereof is that a ‘judge’ may sometimes impose a fine that is not commensurate with the offence committed. References Hoss, R. (2013). â€Å"Memoirs. † Swerdloff, Howard. The World since 1924. Boston, New York: Bedford/St. Martin’s Press. Stimson, H. L. (2013). The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb. Swerdloff, Howard. The World since 1914. Boston, New York: Bedford/St. Martin’s Press. Ward. D. W. , & Gainty, D. (2011). Sources of World Societies vol II, since 1450. Second Edition (pp. 1-512). Boston, New York: Bedford/St. Martin’s Press. Ward. D. W. , & Gainty, D. (2012). The Nuremberg Laws: The Centerpiece of Nazi Racial Legislation (331-333), in Sources of World Societies. Volume 2: Since 1450 (2nd Ed). Boston: Bedford.

Holistic Health Essays

Holistic Health Essays Holistic Health Paper Holistic Health Paper Holistic Health Drawing The notion of Holistic Medicine has been around for many years. But why now, has interest in this area skyrocketed? People are starting to prefer a more natural approach when it comes to healthcare. Holistic Health is actually an approach to life. Rather than focusing on illness or specific parts of the body, this ancient approach to health considers the whole person and how he or she interacts with his or her environment. It emphasizes the connection of mind, body, and spirit. The goal is to achieve maximum well-being, where everything is functioning at its best. Holistic health is based on the law of nature, which is; a whole is made up of interdependent parts. The earth is made up of systems, such as air, land, water, plants and animals. If life is to be sustained the systems cannot be separated, for what is happening to one is also felt by all of the other systems. In the same way, an individual is a whole made up of interdependent parts, which are the physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual. When one part is not working at its best, it impacts all of the other parts of that person. Furthermore, this whole person, including all of the parts, is constantly interacting with everything in the surrounding environment. For example, when an individual is anxious about a school exam or a job interview, his or her nervousness may result in a physical reaction, such as a headache or a stomachache. When people suppress anger over a long period of time, they often develop a serious illness, such as migraine headaches, emphysema, or even arthritis. The U. S. Center for Disease Control and Prevention report that the key factors influencing an individual’s state of health have not changed significantly over the past 20 years. Quality of medical care is only 10%. Heredity accounts for 18% and environment 19%. Everyday lifestyle choices are 53%. The decisions people make about their life and habits are therefore, by far, the largest factor in determining their state of wellness. Holistic Health is an empowering approach to living life. It starts with the holistic (whole person) philosophy that recognizes the interrelationship between all aspects of who we are and the world we live in. This is combined with an understanding that achieving health is an ongoing personal journey toward a goal of functioning at our very best level possible. The basis of holism is the concept that â€Å" the whole is made up of interdependent parts. † As human beings we may think of ourselves as made up of separate parts or aspects, such as physical, mental, emotional and spiritual. Yet, our parts do not function alone, but are constantly interacting. What happens to one will impact all of the other aspects of who we are as individuals. In the same way, we are a part of the world around us, and constantly responding to our surrounding environment. Holistic health involves our everyday choices and actions as we strive to reach a higher level of personal wellness. Picture the various levels of wellness as a continuum. Where are you? Are you on the left half, dealing with an illness or a chronic condition? In the center, not sick, yet not feeling very peppy? On the right half, in good shape, but striving for the highest possible level of vitality and well-being? A holistic approach to creating wellness includes taking charge of your own health by exploring a variety of life enhancing activities until you discover which ones work for you. While we think of holistic health in terms of our personal actions for self-improvement, the same holistic principles can be applied to dealing with any disease or chronic condition. When a healthcare practitioner applies these holistic principles, it is usually called holistic medicine. In addition to the concepts already mentioned, other factors are added. The Healthcare professional and the patient work together as a team, rather than just eliminating or masking symptoms, the symptom is used as a guide to look below the surface for the root cause. Whenever possible, treatments are selected that support the body’s natural healing system. Consumers of health care services have been seeking out and switching their health care to holistic health care providers in greater numbers than ever before. With the growing interest in holistic medicine, there has become a increasing number of practicing holistic physicians and healthcare providers who have increasingly put into practice some of these sought after ideals. They have preferred the safer, less costly, more effective and natural treatments, along with an emphasis on empowerment of the person, as a partner in there own health care and healing. Today, healthcare provides and patients understand the side effects connected with drugs, surgery, and synthetic materials. While some holistic procedures are considered unorthodox by mainstream medicine, new research and patient testimonials are pointing to the fact that lacing any foreign substance in the body can have side effects. Interest in holistic medicine has increased tremendously in recent years, with more and more people becoming aware of the real benefits to be obtained from natural, intuitive and traditional healing methods. As we move into the future, perhaps more people will realize that a balanced approach with â€Å"all things considered† is more beneficial than techniques and synthetic materials.

Essay Sample on Family Formation, Birth Cohort and Gender Role

Essay Sample on Family Formation, Birth Cohort and Gender Role When one deliberates over the changes occurring in demographic trends, it is intriguing to grasp that it is invariably the fairer sex that seizes attention. This is probably because women nowadays are on the move the world over, so it is easy to turn all spotlights on their direction and blame them for any deviance that occurs in the process of family formation. Sociology of family delves on these issues, while recognizing that in the present day world both sexes have to act as protagonists in the realm of household. Though the nature of family has undergone a drastic makeover since its very inception, ones ideas about it remain seeped in tradition and past. It is this irony that I will explore in this essay. The main demographic trends in industrial societies today are late marriage, declining fertility, low mortality, delay in motherhood and marital instability. Declining fertility and mortality can be explained through the theory of demographic transition , which describes that the transition from high birth rates and death rates to low birth and death rates is imminent, as societies evolve from pre-industrial to industrialized economies. Thus, this theory advocates that population changes over time should be understood as part of economic development of a country. This description of demographic trends is period-based that involves four stages of demographic transition; the first one being characterized by high birth and death rates and the last with low birth rate and death rate. Most of the developed countries have reached stage 4, while the majority of developing countries are in stage 2 or stage 3. Having said this, however, the explanation provided in this theory is rather too ec onomic and biased. Perhaps, education and higher GDPpc have also changed perceptions, and people now prefer to have fewer children for whom they can afford the best of education and facilities. Besides, more and more women have started participating in the labour market because of which it has become increasingly difficult to manage the dual roles of a home-maker and a worker. As a consequence, they are beginning to delay either marriage or family formation. Decline in birth rates could also be explained through a comparatively recent theory proposed by Richard Easterlin, which showed how birth rates are related to cohort size and relative economic status during the post World War II period. Broadly, the Easterlin theory traces the genesis of baby boom and baby bust periods in the existence of an inverse relationship between cohort size and social and economic fortunes of people, concluding that a large cohort size is characterized by low fertility. In effect, a large cohort size impinges on among other things the economic opportunities available to the members of a cohort thereby reducing their earnings or income. It is worth noting here that it is the relative and not absolute income that is significant, as members in the child bearing age are predisposed to comparing their income earning potential with that of their parental generation with a view to assessing if they will be able to maintain or enhance the standard of living they h ave been used to, after starting a family. If this relative income turns out to be smaller than their parents, they modify their demographic behaviour in order to bridge the gap between resources and aspirations. Infact, members of a cohort usually end up making alterations in other aspects as well such as economic decision-making, women employment, family structure etc., which separately or cumulatively have an influence on family formation. On these lines, a small cohort size is followed by a large one and vice versa. Nonetheless, Richard Easterlin himself pointed out that this theory holds true only if other factors are kept constant. These other factors could be the economic scenario affecting aggregate labour demand, immigration policy, state of women empowerment, government welfare plans etc. Though this cohort-based explanation of demographic trends is very comprehensive, it does not seem to have been applicable to countries that are essentially agricultural where children co ntribute to family earnings rather than consuming them. Moreover, it is hard to think that an average couple in such societies would have had a control on their fertility behaviour due to reasons as simple as lack of awareness, means etc., or due to their traditional outlook itself. Further, the Easterlin theory appears to have assumed women as passive subjects whose actions depended solely on their husband’s economic fortunes. As was said, cohort size as a determinant of economic fortune applies primary to the experience of men (Freeman 1979). Perhaps it is the Theory of Marriage Timing that successfully overcame this particular shortcoming by dealing with the issue more intelligently. In addition to giving importance to the economic prospects of young men, this theory provided insights into the marriage market search process that entails two complementary ways namely, assortative mating and adaptive socialization. Out of the two, it is assortative mating that dominates in the contemporary world, particularly among working women. According to this theory, where there are gender-differentiated roles at play, only one set of exogenous factors rules the matching process i.e. the mans earning capacity and stability in job. This makes men not settled on the ir professional front unsuitable for marriage. However, where the women are also in long-term employment, two sets of exogenous factors (of both sexes) simultaneously come into picture making the search process all the more difficult and dependent on assortative mating. To add to it, since working women have a good bargaining power they tend to become more choosy and defer marriage for as long as find someone really suitable, however, this does not amount to saying that they lose interest in marriage. Nevertheless, it may not be wrong to say that working women are more prone to dissolving their marriage or controlling fertility. It is interesting to note here that marriages are likely to become more brittle, as postmarital socialization becomes less influential in improving the quality of married life thereby increasing marital instability. Another piece of research established a negative relationship between male wage inequality and female propensity to marry showing that rising w age inequality among men lowered the propensity to marry among white women aged 22-30 between one and three percentage points, between 7% and 18% of the total decline between 1970 and 1990. Another possible reason for demographic changes could be found in the trend towards greater educational attainment among women. Proponents of home economics are of the view that it is the womens growing investments in education as well as attachment with the labour market that leads to delay in their marriage and first motherhood in industrialized societies. However, research conducted in Germany showed that firstly education per se has no direct link with late marriage, and secondly what affects marriage timing among women is their extended status as a student that by normative norms of a society disqualifies them for marriage and motherhood. In other words, as long as women stay in education they are considered as ‘not ready’ for marriage and child birth thus affecting their marriage timing. The process of attaining higher levels of qualification infact tends to have a positive effect on the timing of first birth. As each successive level of education is connected wit h a woman’s increasing age, once married, the highly qualified women come under huge pressure to bear their first child as early as possible due to the fear of medical problems associated with conception after 30. As far as the impact of female employment is concerned, this research proved that confronted with a severe clash between their career and home, working women in Germany did try to postpone or even avoid their first pregnancy. This does not, however, mean that economic independence reduces the desirability of marriage . Parson’s views on sex specific division of labour and its advantage on marriage are rather simplistic. In the times that we are in today, unless we develop a model of marriage that’s dynamic, multidimensional and flexible enough to accommodate social changes, the institution of marriage is likely to be looked at with scepticism and doubt. Furthermore, demographic swings can also be attributed to the diffusion of birth control pills among young women that provides women with a fool proof, easy-to-use and effective means to avoid pregnancy. A female controlled pill associated with fewer risks does encourage women to engage in careers. Infact, it leads to women empowerment in a much wider sense. By making it possible to enjoy sex without having to bother too much about marriage, the pill drastically reduces the opportunity cost of remaining single thereby creating ample scope for engaging in acquiring education and economic status . However, evidence from the US where decrease in marriage and fertility rates did not lead to vast increases of women in professional occupations has shown that the popularity of pill does not always result in a wider social change . That is, there need not be an unambiguous linear link between pill use, delay in marriage or first pregnancy, educational attainment and economic independence, as most of these trends tend to coincide with other. Thus, to conclude one would say that it is perhaps about time that we discard our age old notion of an ideal family to one that allows or more so appreciates women empowerment and its impact on the development of society, at large. This will not only enable us to approach the problem objectively, but also help in hitting the bull’s eye. If you need a custom essay, research paper, thesis, dissertation, term paper on Sociology or other discipline feel free to contact our professional custom writing service.