Franklin D. Roosevelt An Influential Leader Essay

Franklin D. Roosevelt: An Influential Leader Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR) was a man of unusual charm and great optimism, which he was able to communicate to others. He had a broad smile and was a charismatic optimist whose confidence helped sustain the nation through its darkest moments during crisis like the Great Depression and World War II. He became one of the most beloved of U.S. presidents for four terms in office. But beneath his outward friendliness was an inner reserve and an iron will. His admirers emphasized the way in which he met the nations problems. They praised him for insisting that the federal government must help the underprivileged and that the United States must share in the responsibility for preserving world†¦show more content†¦As the number of radios grew in the U.S., more people relied on this media for obtaining information and entertainment. During the Great Depression, when disappointment in the economy reached its peak, FDR resorted to speeches on the radio. These became known as  "Fireside Chats† (Boorstin 624) during which FDR talked about the banking system and other economic concerns. In these chats, he could describe his actions and his reasoning so that everyone would understand what the government was doing (The Great Depression). The New Deal was a program designed to reverse the effects of the Depression. Some of the successful programs that it encompassed were ones such as the following: 1. The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) which provided jobs for single men between the ages of 18 and 25 and earned $1.00 each day. 2. The Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA), which helped farmers by paying them not to produce crops; thereby, keeping their income from dropping by overproducing certain crops. Since less was being grown, the price for farm goods would rise. The government said that they would also pay farmers to plow some crops under and destroy some of the surplus. 3. So that more people could have jobs during the Depression, the WPA made jobs for people to work in buildings, hospitals, and parks. It also hired artists and photographers. 4. The FDIC, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, insured savings accounts in banksShow MoreRelatedEssay on Franklin D. Roosevelt: an Influential Leader1333 Words   |  6 PagesFranklin D. Roosevelt: An Influential Leader Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR) was a man of unusual charm and great optimism, which he was able to communicate to others. He had a broad smile and was a charismatic optimist whose confidence helped sustain the nation through its darkest moments during crisis like the Great Depression and World War II. He became one of the most beloved of U.S. presidents for four terms in office. But beneath his outward friendliness was an inner reserve andRead MoreFranklin D. Roosevelt : An Effective American President And Leader1509 Words   |  7 Pages1 Bernier Abby Bernier Mrs. Walden Sophomore Honors History Period 1 8 December 2014 The Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt Thesis: Franklin D. Roosevelt was an effective American president and leader. Franklin D. Roosevelt was a powerful leader and one of the most highly regarded presidents in American history. He connected well with American people, had a strong character, possessed a clear vision for America, had valuable political skills, and could lead people in challenging times. With recentRead MoreFranklin Delano Roosevelt And The First President Of The United States Of America1351 Words   |  6 Pages12/18/15 5th period Mrs. Dowling FDR American Bad*** Introduction and Thesis â€Å"The only thing we have to fear is fear itself.† These famous words were spoken by Franklin Delano Roosevelt who was the thirty second president of The United States of America. He served four terms as president (March 4, 1933 – April 12, 1945) and was a major leader in the allied powers during World War II without him the allied powers might not have been able to win the war He helped the american people regain faith in themselvesRead MoreEleanor Roosevelt : An American Diplomat886 Words   |  4 PagesEleanor Roosevelt, whose full name was Anna Eleanor Roosevelt, was born on the 11th of October in 1884 in the city of New York and passed away on the 7th of November in 1962 in Manhattan, New York. Roosevelt was born to Elliot Roosevelt and Anna Call Roosevelt. Roosevelt was known for being an American diplomat, humanitarian, and first lady. Roosevelt served as first lady in 1933-1945, she was the wife of Franklin D. Roosevelt who served as the 32nd president. Dur ing Roosevelt’s time, she was oneRead MoreWhy Franklin Delano Roosevelt was a Great Man?1907 Words   |  8 PagesTheory’ it can be said that Franklin Delano Roosevelt upheld his victorious and highly regarded government through means of social, economic and political reforms, as well as ambitious personal and strategic decisions that have successfully remained influential to American society today and maintained his image as a prominent historic leader. Franklin Roosevelt was the 32nd President of America from 1933 – 1945, eminent historian Sean J Savage articulated that Roosevelt remained a central figureRead MoreGeneral Info And Early Political Career1401 Words   |  6 PagesGeneral info and Early Political Career Franklin Delano Roosevelt was born in 1882 in New York to a rich family. He went to Groton School and Harvard College to get an education. He married Eleanor Roosevelt and had six children with her. His hobbies included stamp collecting and relaxing on his yacht. He started his political career in 1910 when he joined the New York State Senate and then continued on as the Assistant Secretary of the Navy under President Woodrow Wilson. He ran for vice presidentRead MoreThe Historical Measures Of Our Country1287 Words   |  6 Pagesreasons. One reason is because they helped our country become the great country it is today. Many documents, or speeches turned into documents, mark major events that helped develop our country. It is during the weaker moments when the strength of our leaders shine. Overlooking the past, there are many different documents spread out along the timeline. Some happened under pressure while others involved time and effort before the final masterpiece was finis hed. These great documents vary in a wide rangeRead MoreBorn On January 30Th, 1882, In Hyde Park, New York, Franklin1217 Words   |  5 PagesPark, New York, Franklin Delano Roosevelt soon became arguably the most influential president in United States history. Roosevelt was the only president to be elected to four terms. He led the United States through some of its most difficult struggles, including the Great Depression and World War II. Roosevelt also was very set on expanding presidential power, which he did through his New Deal Program. Born into a rich family, a family well-known in several generations, Roosevelt was an only childRead MoreHitlers Leadership Essay923 Words   |  4 PagesAdolph Hitler is seen by many as a socialist with great wickedness that scarred the world forever however; Hitler was one of the most influential leaders of all time with great intelligence and charisma despite his unstable childhood and insecurity. His strong personality, leadership, affection for his people and stubborn willpower brought Germany out of a depression in 5 years, reduced the unemployment rates to a shocking 100% over the course of 6 years, and modernized the infrastructure of hisRead More Eleanor Roosevelt Essay1601 Words   |  7 Pages Although Eleanor Roosevelt served as first lady from 1932 to 1945, her influence lasted much longer than expected. Eleanor became her husband’s ears and eyes during her husband’s presidency and aided human rights during her entire life. She did what no other First La dy, or woman had dared to do before; she challenged society’s wrong doings. Many respected her; President Truman had called her â€Å"the First Lady of the World (Freedman, 168).† Eleanor Roosevelt was an amazing first lady who helped her

A Prisoner and Yet Free Essays

A Prisoner and Yet   is an autobiographical piece of non-fiction that was written by Corrie ten Boom two years after her release from the Ravensbruck concentration camp in Nazi Germany. The book is set up in a style that differs from what I am used to. In it, rather than focusing on her story, Corrie addresses individual occurrences she experienced over the course of her imprisonment. We will write a custom essay sample on A Prisoner and Yet or any similar topic only for you Order Now Later on, she treats each almost like a parable, using the one to two page subchapter to illustrate either a spiritual or moral lesson for the reader. Over the course of the 170 page book, she addresses a widespread variety of topics including faith, compassion, fear, acceptance of death, courage, strength, sin, love, morality, turning the other cheek, timidity, prayer, covetousness, kindness, and even the bond between brothers and sisters in Christ despite of language barriers. It’s really quite remarkable. I started the book thinking the set up would prove awkward and unsettling, but I soon found myself engrossed, incapable of putting the book down. With each flip of the page, my thirst for a definitive ending to Corrie’s struggles grew. I was hooked.As an autobiographical account, the hero of A Prisoner and Yet. . . was naturally the author, Corrie ten Boom, and, boy, let me tell you, she was a hero. Selfless and strong-willed, the Dutch watchmaker stood firm in her beliefs even when she had lost everything: her freedom, her family, her country, and even the clothes off her back. The Lord Jesus Christ was her Conqueror. Through His grace and glory, she knew she would be delivered. Corrie did not fear death in the camps. Rather, she embraced the opportunity to spread the Word of God. She preached daily, sometimes up to five times, and prayed with those in need or coming into the faith. It was amazing that someone so oppressed and in such close proximity to death could still have so much hope and conviction. Throughout the book, Corrie attributed much of her survival to the constant companionship of her sister Betsie. Betsie was equally faithful and often provided spiritual guidance when Corrie felt herself straying or in need of extra help. They were inseparable. Sadly, Betsie was a frail thing. She could not carry out heavy labor and became sick easily. Corrie often wondered at her sister’s seemingly innocent view of their wretched surroundings. She always looked so peaceful. It was terrible to read when poor Betsie died of sickness, but at least she had gone to a far better place. The story begins with a recollection of the author’s life before imprisonment. The readers are given a quick description of the author’s home which she shared with her father, Casper Ten Boom, siblings, and an eclectic group of Jews. After the fall of Holland in 1940, the Ten Booms had joined the Dutch resistance, offering a safehouse for God’s People. According to the author, â€Å"it was often said (that their house), ‘was the gayest underground address in all the Netherlands'† (ten Boom 7). They were contented, as close to at peace as they could be in such a dark time. Sadly, on February 28, 1944, that peace ended. The ten Boom residence was raided by the Gestapo. Their house was searched and the family was taken into custody. Corrie, her father, and Betsie were transferred to Scheveningen Prison. There, Corrie hardly ever saw the sunlight, spending her days locked in solitary confinement. Later on in her time there, waiting to go on trial, she found out that her father had died shortly after being brought to the prison.She and her sister were reunited when they were sent to Kamp Vught, a political concentration camp. There, conditions were not so bad. They were able to slack off at work and received Red Cross packages and mail from home. Due to her background as a watchmaker, Corrie was given the opportunity to do detailed work on radio parts. After awhile, she and her sister were transferred to a German concentration camp called Ravensbruck. As Corrie aptly described it, the place was hell. They were stripped naked and forced to hand over their belongings before being redressed and sent to barracks where the beds looked more like a line of shelves, tightly packed with women instead of books. Using a bible they had snuck in, the sisters performed worship services with the girls in their barracks daily, keeping up the dwindling morale. Slowly, they became thinner and weaker – Betsie more so than Corrie. Finally, one day in late fall of 1944, Corrie heard the voice of God tell her that her release was drawing near and that she would be free by the first day of winter. This prediction became reality, but sadly fifteen days too late for Betsie. Corrie’s sister had gone Home to meet her Maker. The author finished the story by telling of her return to the Netherlands and documenting her decision to open a home which â€Å"would soon be the happy home of people who had been released from the wretchedness of imprisonment† (ten Boom 169). In the end, I believe that Corrie Ten Boom wrote this novel as a testament to the horrors of her experience and to the strengthening of her faith through the experience. A Prisoner and Yet. . . immortalized both her story and, by extent, the stories of many women, men, and children who were held at the various prisons and camps across Europe during the Nazi regime. I am thankful that I stumbled upon it and I would recommend the read to those struggling with their faith, growing in their faith, or merely interested in the treatment of political prisoners in WWII. How to cite A Prisoner and Yet, Papers

A Prisoner and Yet Free Essays

A Prisoner and Yet   is an autobiographical piece of non-fiction that was written by Corrie ten Boom two years after her release from the Ravensbruck concentration camp in Nazi Germany. The book is set up in a style that differs from what I am used to. In it, rather than focusing on her story, Corrie addresses individual occurrences she experienced over the course of her imprisonment. We will write a custom essay sample on A Prisoner and Yet or any similar topic only for you Order Now Later on, she treats each almost like a parable, using the one to two page subchapter to illustrate either a spiritual or moral lesson for the reader. Over the course of the 170 page book, she addresses a widespread variety of topics including faith, compassion, fear, acceptance of death, courage, strength, sin, love, morality, turning the other cheek, timidity, prayer, covetousness, kindness, and even the bond between brothers and sisters in Christ despite of language barriers. It’s really quite remarkable. I started the book thinking the set up would prove awkward and unsettling, but I soon found myself engrossed, incapable of putting the book down. With each flip of the page, my thirst for a definitive ending to Corrie’s struggles grew. I was hooked.As an autobiographical account, the hero of A Prisoner and Yet. . . was naturally the author, Corrie ten Boom, and, boy, let me tell you, she was a hero. Selfless and strong-willed, the Dutch watchmaker stood firm in her beliefs even when she had lost everything: her freedom, her family, her country, and even the clothes off her back. The Lord Jesus Christ was her Conqueror. Through His grace and glory, she knew she would be delivered. Corrie did not fear death in the camps. Rather, she embraced the opportunity to spread the Word of God. She preached daily, sometimes up to five times, and prayed with those in need or coming into the faith. It was amazing that someone so oppressed and in such close proximity to death could still have so much hope and conviction. Throughout the book, Corrie attributed much of her survival to the constant companionship of her sister Betsie. Betsie was equally faithful and often provided spiritual guidance when Corrie felt herself straying or in need of extra help. They were inseparable. Sadly, Betsie was a frail thing. She could not carry out heavy labor and became sick easily. Corrie often wondered at her sister’s seemingly innocent view of their wretched surroundings. She always looked so peaceful. It was terrible to read when poor Betsie died of sickness, but at least she had gone to a far better place. The story begins with a recollection of the author’s life before imprisonment. The readers are given a quick description of the author’s home which she shared with her father, Casper Ten Boom, siblings, and an eclectic group of Jews. After the fall of Holland in 1940, the Ten Booms had joined the Dutch resistance, offering a safehouse for God’s People. According to the author, â€Å"it was often said (that their house), ‘was the gayest underground address in all the Netherlands'† (ten Boom 7). They were contented, as close to at peace as they could be in such a dark time. Sadly, on February 28, 1944, that peace ended. The ten Boom residence was raided by the Gestapo. Their house was searched and the family was taken into custody. Corrie, her father, and Betsie were transferred to Scheveningen Prison. There, Corrie hardly ever saw the sunlight, spending her days locked in solitary confinement. Later on in her time there, waiting to go on trial, she found out that her father had died shortly after being brought to the prison.She and her sister were reunited when they were sent to Kamp Vught, a political concentration camp. There, conditions were not so bad. They were able to slack off at work and received Red Cross packages and mail from home. Due to her background as a watchmaker, Corrie was given the opportunity to do detailed work on radio parts. After awhile, she and her sister were transferred to a German concentration camp called Ravensbruck. As Corrie aptly described it, the place was hell. They were stripped naked and forced to hand over their belongings before being redressed and sent to barracks where the beds looked more like a line of shelves, tightly packed with women instead of books. Using a bible they had snuck in, the sisters performed worship services with the girls in their barracks daily, keeping up the dwindling morale. Slowly, they became thinner and weaker – Betsie more so than Corrie. Finally, one day in late fall of 1944, Corrie heard the voice of God tell her that her release was drawing near and that she would be free by the first day of winter. This prediction became reality, but sadly fifteen days too late for Betsie. Corrie’s sister had gone Home to meet her Maker. The author finished the story by telling of her return to the Netherlands and documenting her decision to open a home which â€Å"would soon be the happy home of people who had been released from the wretchedness of imprisonment† (ten Boom 169). In the end, I believe that Corrie Ten Boom wrote this novel as a testament to the horrors of her experience and to the strengthening of her faith through the experience. A Prisoner and Yet. . . immortalized both her story and, by extent, the stories of many women, men, and children who were held at the various prisons and camps across Europe during the Nazi regime. I am thankful that I stumbled upon it and I would recommend the read to those struggling with their faith, growing in their faith, or merely interested in the treatment of political prisoners in WWII. How to cite A Prisoner and Yet, Papers

Tomb of Shihuangdi

The tomb of Shihuangdi is a historical monument found in China. This magnificent monument was discovered by archaeologists in 1974 (Anon, 2009). The mausoleum is situated in Shensi Province of China. Apparently, it was constructed during the reign of the first Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi and since then, the tomb became a prominent archaeological site.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Tomb of Shihuangdi specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Archaeologists have continually excavated the site in quest of historical evidence. However, it has remained to be a historical mystery why the Emperor decided to bury live slaves and prison workers who constructed the tomb. So far, the mystery of the site is yet to be unraveled. To start with, it is well understood that the first Emperor of China ordered the mausoleum to be put in place while he was still young at the age of 13 years (Malcolm, 2009). The mausoleum came into completion a fter 36 years after which the young ruler died and buried there. Since the time the monument was discovered, remarkable work of art has been identified. For this reason, archaeologists have always been in operation to unfold the mystery behind the scenario. Additionally, the strategic site of the mausoleum still puzzles the world since it was constructed in form of a city. It is believed that probably, the Emperor desired luxurious and comfortable life after death. Moreover, the tomb is guarded by warriors who are distinctly different from each other. Needless to say, other treasures such as sculptures of horses, weapons and different species of aquatic birds have been identified in the tomb. It is believed that many people including slaves and prisoners were killed and buried in the mausoleum so that they could not reveal secrets of the tomb. Consequently, there are several theories that have been put forward to explain the mystery of the tomb. For instance, the mythical theory has been prominent among local natives (Anon, 2009). According to belief system of Chinese people, there is existence of supernatural powers. In fact, they believe that the sculptured warriors in the tomb are real men and that they are there for a short time. Additionally, they believe in life after death hence the emperor was preparing for a luxurious life after death (Malcom, 2009). In line with this, scientific theories have been applied to explain mystery behind the mausoleum (Duiker Spielvogel, 2009). For instance, archaeologists have for a long time, excavated the monument in order to unfold the mystery. As a result, much has been discovered from excavated site although different archaeological theorists have varying assumptions on the mystery.Advertising Looking for essay on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Moreover, world philosophers have also been largely involved in exploring the tomb although they are yet to co me up with conclusive findings. Most probably, application of scientific theories may be the best way to go in understanding mystery of the tomb. Certainly, use of scientific theories is reliable in the sense that they are based on observable facts. For instance, through archaeology, it is possible to excavate the monument and derive evidence from observable artifacts (Duiker Spielvogel, 2009). Additionally, philosophers are able to infer the implication of the mysterious tomb. Philosophy as a scientific discipline relies on shrewd reasoning and rationality in judgments. Similarly, philosophical theories apply logic argument unlike myths that rely on unproven doctrines. This implies that scientific theories are reliable since evidence not biased (Duiker Spielvogel, 2009). Contrastingly, myths rely on common assumptions and hence can be misleading. Needless to say, myths are not scientifically testable since they are partly based on common sense knowledge and assumptions. Reference s Anon. (2009). World Geography: the Mystery of Qin Shi Huangdi’s Mausoleum. Retrieved from http://www.theworldgeography.com/2011/03/mystery-of-qin-shi-huangdis-mausoleum.html Duiker, W. Spielvogel, J. (2009).World History, Volume 1.Boston: Cengage Learning, Inc. Malcom, J. (2009).What’s Inside Qin Shi Huang’s Tomb? Web. This essay on Tomb of Shihuangdi was written and submitted by user Jayce Q. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

buy custom International Marketing Executive Summary and Competitive Analysis essay

buy custom International Marketing Executive Summary and Competitive Analysis essay Executive summary This paper analyzes in detail New Dawns Light (NDL) Company that is located China, Beijing, dealing with provision of solar panels and other solar-powered alternatives. New Dawn Light Company is among the best firms on the Chinese market, and hence, its intention is to assist the Ethiopian state. The approach is meant to help the Ethiopians from a positive perspective. A research has been undertaken to find out how the Ethiopian market works, and, hence, the rationale for the proposed investment. A SWOT analysis of the Company entails that the Company is applying the right approach, as there is a huge market in Ethiopia interested in solar panels and other solar alternatives. The paper will include a competitive analysis meant to assist the Company counter any possible challenges that might arise while investing in Ethiopia. The Ethiopian market is one of the fastest and the second most populated in the sub Saharan Africa, which is an indication that there is huge market platform for NDL Company. Significantly, using the competitive analysis, the company will be in the position to undertake the needed steps in order to deliver quality services to the Ethiopians. Furthermore, the organization will be able to relate with the Ethiopian citizens and government in a way that benefits both parties. The mutual benefit is expected to be attained through the provision of employment opportunities and offering the products at an affordable price. The indication here is that New Dawn Light Company aims at delivering service that is profitable to both ends. Ethiopia has been chosen as it is seeking alternative ways that can be incorporated to light up the country at a cheap cost. Based on the fact that it uses its traditional ways of lighting, introducing solar panels and other solar products at a cost that is affodable will be upheld and embraced with high esteem. Competitive analysis Ethiopia is among the primary countries in the Sub Saharan region that is developing so rapidly, and, hence, our focus on New Dawn Light is a huge opportunity for us as an international organization. The fact that we intend to focus mainly on solar panels is a good approach as the majority of the developing states are leaning more towards the renewable energy. The fact that the cost of the solar panels has decreased by 80% since 2008; it is our huge advantage (Ethiopia, n.d. ). The advantage implies that we will be able to create solar panels that are within the budget of the government and the citizens, and, as a result, we are in the position to reach our objective in Ethiopia. Based on the fact that most sub Saharan countries like Ethiopia suffer from shortage of electricity, the substitute of solar panels will definitely work in our favor. It is a good approach, but the state is still leaning mostly towards its traditional ways of lighting especially in the rural areas. It is noted that the parts of western and eastern lowlands receive a high density of irradiation, which will be our primary investment market (Abate). The Ethiopian solar market is still at an early development stage of 5 MW, and, hence, we will be able to penetrate the market with ease. The rationale is based on the fact that we intend to offer the solar panels at an affordable price and cost that will be based on occupation and area in concern. Moreover, Ethiopia with a population over 90 million individuals is an indication that we are likely to get the desired market. Furthermore, we are willing to learn their primary language, i.e. Amharic and Oromo languages, which will destroy any possible communication barriers. The outcome will be better interaction that will generate better business understanding. Ethiopia is diversifying its economy expenditures in education sector, unemployment and manufacturing. In education sector, we will be able to offer electrification, especially in the rural areas whereas in manufacturing we will offer alternative means of lighting in cases where electricity is not working (Abate). Furthermore, unemployment will be countered by our assistance in terms of offering the locals employment opportunities from the firm that we intend to build in Ethiopia. Ethiopia being an agricultural country is a good entity from our point of view as we will offer farmers solar panels that will be used to light their homes and farms as well. Significantly, we have a huge competitive advantage as the Ethiopian country is not dominated by a huge number of investors associated with solar panels. Investing in Ethiopia is a good competitive advantage on our part as it is a real market opportunity likely to generate high profit margin as there is a huge population as mentioned in the above paragraphs (Murison 34-39). Furthermore, the Ethiopian market has a cheap cost of labor, which is also an advantage on our part as an international Company. It has been reported that there is a huge spread of African employees who are exploited, thus, we will not undertake the same approach, but we will rather work with them as a family. Significantly, relating with the locals in a friendly way will be appreciated by both the government and the locals as well (Marino). Ethiopians often spend their earning on non-essential products, and, therefore offering them solar panels as an essential perspective will automatically attract them as it acts as a means of development. Fundamentally, it is apparent that we have a huge competitive advantage on our part as an international organization, hence, likely to reach the Ethiopian market from a positive point of view. Buy custom International Marketing Executive Summary and Competitive Analysis essay

Battle of the Crater in the Civil War

Battle of the Crater in the Civil War The Battle of the Crater occurred July 30, 1864, during the American Civil War (1861-1865) and was an attempt by Union forces to break the siege of Petersburg. In March 1864, President Abraham Lincoln elevated Ulysses S. Grant to lieutenant general and gave him overall command of Union forces. In this new role, Grant decided to turn over operational control of the western armies to Major General William T. Sherman and moved his headquarters east to travel with Major General George G. Meades Army of the Potomac. The Overland Campaign For the spring campaign, Grant intended to strike General Robert E. Lees Army of Northern Virginia from three directions. First, Meade was to ford the Rapidan River east of the Confederate position at Orange Court House, before turning west to engage the enemy. Further south, Major General Benjamin Butler was to move up the Peninsula from Fort Monroe and menace Richmond, while to the west Major General Franz Sigel destroyed the resources of the Shenandoah Valley. Commencing operations in early May 1864, Grant and Meade encountered Lee south of the Rapidan and fought the bloody Battle of the Wilderness (May 5-7). Stalemated after three days of fighting, Grant disengaged and moved around Lees right. Pursuing, Lees men renewed the fighting on May 8 at Spotsylvania Court House (May 8-21). Two weeks of costly saw another stalemate emerge and Grant again slipped south. After a brief encounter at North Anna (May 23-26), Union forces were halted at Cold Harbor in early June. To Petersburg Rather than force the issue at Cold Harbor, Grant withdrew east then moved south towards the James River. Crossing over a large pontoon bridge, the Army of the Potomac targeted the vital city of Petersburg. Situated south of Richmond, Petersburg was a strategic crossroads and rail hub which supplied the Confederate capital and Lees army. Its loss would make would Richmond indefensible (Map). Aware of Petersburgs significance, Butler, whose forces were at Bermuda Hundred, unsuccessfully attacked the city on June 9. These efforts were halted by Confederate forces under General P.G.T. Beauregard. First Attacks On June 14, with the Army of the Potomac nearing Petersburg, Grant ordered Butler to send Major General William F. Baldy Smiths XVIII Corps to attack the city. Crossing the river, Smiths assault was delayed through the day on the 15th, but finally moved forward that evening. Though he made some gains, he halted his men due to darkness. Across the lines, Beauregard, whose request for reinforcements had been ignored by Lee, stripped his defenses at Bermuda Hundred to reinforce Petersburg. Unaware of this, Butler remained in place rather than threatening Richmond. Despite shifting troops, Beauregard was badly outnumbered as Grants troops began arriving on the field. Attacking late in the day with the XVIII, II, and IX Corps, Grants men gradually pushed the Confederates back. Fighting resumed on 17th with the Confederates doggedly defending and preventing a Union breakthrough. As the fighting continued, Beauregards engineers commenced constructing a new line of fortifications closer the city and Lee began marching to the fighting. Union assaults on June 18 gained some ground but were halted at the new line with heavy losses. Unable to advance, Meade ordered his troops to dig in opposite the Confederates. The Siege Begins Having been halted by the Confederate defenses, Grant devised operations for severing the three open railroads leading into Petersburg. While he worked on these plans, elements of the Army of the Potomac manned the earthworks that had sprung up around Petersburgs east side. Among these was the 48th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry, a member of Major General Ambrose Burnsides IX Corps. Composed largely of former coal miners, the men of the 48th devised their own plan for breaking through the Confederate lines. Armies Commanders Union Lieutenant General Ulysses S. GrantMajor General Ambrose BurnsideIX Corps Confederate General Robert E. LeeMajor General William Mahone A Bold Idea Observing that the closest Confederate fortification, Elliotts Salient, was a mere 400 feet from their position, the men of the 48th conjectured that a mine could be run from their lines under the enemy earthworks. Once complete, this mine could be packed with enough explosives to open a hole in the Confederate lines. This idea was seized upon by their commanding officer Lieutenant Colonel Henry Pleasants. A mining engineer by trade, Pleasants approached Burnside with the plan arguing that the explosion would take the Confederates by surprise and would allow Union troops to rush in to take the city. Eager to restore his reputation after his defeat at the Battle of Fredericksburg, Burnside agreed to present it to Grant and Meade. Though both men were skeptical about its chances for success, they approved it with the thought that it would keep the men busy during the siege. On June 25, Pleasants men, working with improvised tools, began digging the mine shaft. Digging continuously, the shaft reached 511 feet by July 17. During this time, the Confederates became suspicious when they heard the faint sound of digging. Sinking countermines, they came close to locating the 48ths shaft. The Union Plan Having stretched the shaft under Elliotts Salient, the miners began digging a 75-foot lateral tunnel that paralleled the earthworks above. Completed on July 23, the mine was filled with 8,000 pounds of black powder four days later. As the miners were working, Burnside had been developing his attack plan. Selecting Brigadier General Edward Ferreros division of United States Colored Troops to lead the assault, Burnside had them drilled in the use of ladders and instructed them to move along the sides of the crater to secure the breach in the Confederate lines. With Ferraros men holding the gap, Burnsides other divisions would cross to exploit the opening and take the city. To support the assault, Union guns along the line were ordered to open fire following the explosion and a large demonstration was made against Richmond to draw off enemy troops. This latter action worked particularly well as there were only 18,000 Confederate troops in Petersburg when the attack began. Upon learning that Burnside intended to lead with his black troops, Meade intervened fearing that if the attack failed he would be blamed for the needless death of these soldiers. Last Minute Changes Meade informed Burnside on July 29, the day before the attack, that he would not permit Ferreros men to spearhead the assault. With little time remaining, Burnside had his remaining division commanders draw straws. As a result, the ill-prepared division of Brigadier General James H. Ledlie was given the task. At 3:15 AM on July 30, Pleasants lit the fuse to the mine. After an hour of waiting without any explosion, two volunteers entered the mine to find problem. Finding that the fuse had gone out, they re-lit it and fled the mine. A Union Failure At 4:45 AM, the charge detonated killing at least 278 Confederate soldiers and creating a crater 170 feet long, 60-80 feet wide, and 30 feet deep. As the dust settled, Ledlies attack was delayed by the need to remove obstructions and debris. Finally moving forward, Ledlies men, who had not been briefed on the plan, charged down into the crater rather than around it. Initially using the crater for cover, they soon found themselves trapped and unable advance. Rallying, Confederate forces in the area moved along the rim of the crater and opened fire on the Union troops below. Seeing the attack failing, Burnside pushed Ferreros division in to the fray. Joining the confusion in the crater, Ferreros men endured heavy fire from the Confederates above. Despite the disaster in the crater, some Union troops succeeded in moving along the right edge of the crater and entered the Confederate works. Ordered by Lee to contain the situation, the division of Major General William Mahone launched a counterattack around 8:00 AM. Moving forward, they drove Union forces back to the crater after bitter fighting. Gaining the slopes of crater, Mahones men compelled the Union troops below to flee back to their own lines. By 1:00 PM, most of the fighting had concluded. Aftermath The disaster at the Battle of the Crater cost the Union around 3,793 killed, wounded, and captured, while the Confederates incurred around 1,500. While Pleasants was commended for his idea, the resulting attack had failed and the armies remained stalemated at Petersburg for another eight months. In the wake of the attack, Ledlie (who may have been drunk at the time) was removed from command and dismissed from the service. On August 14, Grant also relieved Burnside and sent him on leave. He would not receive another command during the war. Grant later testified that though he supported Meades decision to withdraw Ferreros division, he believed that if the black troops had been permitted to lead the attack, the battle would have resulted in a victory.

Motivation in a Multigenerational Radiologic Science Workplace Research Paper - 1

Motivation in a Multigenerational Radiologic Science Workplace - Research Paper Example This paper illustrates that organizational behavior has changed tremendously since the industrial revolution, and so have the ways for employee motivation.   Since the inception of management-related studies, the area of employee motivation has been emphasized in various ways. This discourse presents a brief review of motivation factors for radiological sciences workforce based on a specific study conducted by Kalar. Earlier, classical management theories proposed employee motivation practices such as incentives and bonuses.   The pioneer of scientific management, Fredrick Taylor asserted that the main aim of management should be to secure maximum prosperity for the employer, coupled with the maximum prosperity for the employee. Taylor believed that extra income will motivate employees to work extra and with greater efficiency, and hence incentives would be an effective way to motivate the employees. Later, the human relations movement led by Hawthorne experiments of Elton Mayo p roved that employee motivation can be enhanced through employee participation and involvement with the leadership teams. From a motivation perspective, numerous theories can be found, in the literature that describes various motivating factors and ways to motivate. A few of these theories include the Maslow’s needs theory, Alderfer’s ERG Theory, Herzberg’s two-factor theory or the motivation-hygiene theory, McClelland’s 3-needs Theory, Vroom’s expectancy theory etc.